Biol 4610 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Current Lecture 1. Cell Signaling2. From extracellular signal to cellular responseCurrent LectureChapter 15 – Cell Signaling: Signal Transduction and G-Protein Coupled ReceptorsSignaling used to communicate between cells and/or organisms- Used to control growth or proliferation of cells- Used to control differentiation (growing from embryo to adult)- Used to control cell death- Used to regulate metabolism in cell- In order for a cell to respond, it must have the appropriate receptorTypes of signals: - Proteins- growth hormones, insulin, - Small molecules (estrogen, etc.), amino acids- Gases- Nitric Oxide- Tethered proteinsSignaling overviewA cell releases a signal into the extracellular spaceAlways have receptor on the plasma membrane- binds to the signalThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Changes confirmation in cytoplasmic domain when bound to receptorThis causes other proteins in cell to be alteredTypes of cellular responses1) Change the activity of a pre-existing protein2) Change amount of protein in the cell by transcribing genes 15.1. From Extracellular Signal to Cellular Response Signals: are classified based on travel distanceA. Endocrine- rely on the bloodstream to travel and reach distant target celsB. Paracrine- cell releasing cell is in close proximity to target cell; don’t have to be neighbors, but are abt 25 cells apartC. Autocrine- cell releasing the signal acts upon itself; CANCER CELLSD. Tethered- cells must be next door neighbors; see this a lot during developmentMultiple amino acids on the ligand and receptor that participate in binding This means that the binding is really specificThere are only 1 or 2 signals that will ever bind to this receptor- Held by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic – weak interactions- Ligand binding induces a conformational change in the cytoplasmic domain. The outside binds and the inside changes shape. This can either - 1. Create a binding/docking site for another protein - 2. Induce a dimerization event (shown in picture) dimerize with another receptor- 3. Reveal Phosphorous site (to be
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