GEOG 1982 1st Edition Lecture 15 Outline of Last Lecture I. sub Saharan AfricaII. developmental geographyIII. explaining poverty in AfricaIV. vulnerability and hazardsV. historical factorsVI. scramble for AfricaVII. berlin conferenceVIII. independenceIX. African developmentX. High value resourcesXI. Feminization of propertyXII. urbanizationOutline of Current LectureI. Developmental geographyII. Bad geographyIII. Millennium villagesIV. Poverty: causesV. Independent countriesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.VI. AgricultureVII. Positive trends 1. Developmental geographya. Studies spatial distributions of wealth and povertyb. Understood and explain patterns of inequality as outcome of historical, social, political, and environmental factorsc. Builds on economic and historical geography; extends both to include cultural and environmental factors2. Bad Geographya. “Africa” is poor because:i. It is located in the tropics1. High rates of disease2. Poor soils for industrial agricultureii. It is far from other centers of economic activityiii. Much of its population lives far from sea coasts, navigable rivers inrural areasb. Cures for “bag geography”i. Problem is lack of connection to global marketsii. Remedy is “shrink” distance from global economyiii. Improve disease preventioniv. Improve educationv. Modernize agriculture, transportationc. “bad geography” argument emphasizes correlation of factors > poverty isfunction of distance from seacoasts and environment d. The tropics are poor because of their geographye. Solution is overcome problems through integration with global markets (capitalism)3. Millennium Villages: critiquesa. Sustainable? Too dependent on foreign aid, technological inputsb. Sub-Saharan Africa is rapidly urbanizing, in part due to changing agriculture policiesi. Export-orientatedii. Capital intensiveiii. Privatization of landc. Conflict areas?4. Poverty: causesa. Most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa continue to rely on exports of primary commoditiesb. Ruling class often benefited under colonialism (pre WWII), consolidated their position through control of resources, statesc. Former colonial powers continue to dictate terms, conditions for developmentd. Neo-colonialism? Neo-imperialism? 5. Independent countries, colonial economiesa. Tremendous resource wealthb. Reliance on foreign capital to extract, develop resourcesc. Wealth accumulates outside the regiond. Declining terms of trade means value of exports declines in relation to theprice of imports 6. Agriculture: declining terms of trade a. Agriculturalists forced to expand production, switch from subsistence cropsb. Cash crops require more initial investment to purchase seed, fertilizers; convert landc. Value of cash crops fluctuates according to markets independently of farmer investments 7. Positive trends a. Uneven, but real progress on Millennium Developmental Goalsb. Debt forgiveness by US, EU (though it comes with strings attached)c. Rate of infectious disease, including HIV/AIDS, falling in many regionsd. … buti. Wars continue, often with indifference or even support from US, European countries 1. 1998-2008: 5.4 million casualties of Congo Warii. Massive refugee populations, many of whom have little or no hope of returning