Exam 2 Study GuideChapter 5: Social Attribution- Attribution Theory: umbrella term that describes theories that suggests that we try to assign a cause to some event or topico 1. Causal Attribution: always placing a cause to an action or event (inferring that a personality trait was responsible for a behavior) Explanatory Style: a person’s typical/habitual way of explaining events (3 dimensions)- External vs. Internal = outside factors vs. self fault- Unstable vs. Stable = depends on situation vs. will always be this way- Global vs. Specific = affecting all areas of self vs. only certain aspectso Which trails are associated with optimism vs pessimism? Optimistic = external, unstable, and specific Pessimistic = internal, stable, and globalo What are these specific explanatory styles predictive of? Relates to grades in school Healthier and stronger by 50-60 years old- Co-variation Principle: behavior should be attributed to certain causes that co-occur/were going on during the behavioro Consensus: an agreement of many people on a certain topic/evento Distinctiveness: how unique is the behavior to the situation or if it is the behavior always exhibited by the subject o Consistency: what the subject does in different situations and whether or not theperson would act the same in a similar situation External attribution – high consensus, high distinctiveness, high consistency Internal attribution – low consensus, low distinctiveness, high consistency- Discounting principle: the idea that people should assign reduced weight to a particular cause of behavior if other plausible causes might have produced ito Ex: interview candidate is being outgoing, interviewer discounts it because of the situation of the interview- Augmentation principle: the idea that people should assign more weight to a behavior if the circumstances shouldn’t have been that wayo Ex: football quarterback isn’t doing well, blame it directly on him- Counterfactual thoughts: thoughts of what might have/ could have been/ should have happened “if only” something had been done differentlyo Ex: if only I had chosen the other option, I would have had one more question righto Emotional Amplification: the increasing of an emotional reaction to an event thatis proportional to how easy it is to imagine the event not happening Olympic athletes: Silver vs Bronze Medals- Silver medals – angrier because they were so close to getting gold- Bronze medals – happy because they were better than the resto Errors and biases in attribution Fundamental Attribution Error: inaccurately attributing actions to personality rather than situation- Studies where participants are made aware of choices made by other participants that are not freely chosen- “causes” or contributors to Fundamental Attribution Error:1. Just-World Hypothesis: tendency to believe people get what they deserve2. Actor-Observer Difference: actor attributes own behavior to the situation, observer to attribute behavior of actor to their dispositionso Reading assignment (pages 183-188)Chapter 6: Emotiono Emotion: brief, specific, psychological and physiological responses that serve as motivators that serve as indicators of behaviors to meet goals Components of emotion James-Lange Theory of Emotion- Stimulus -> Physical (Behavior) Arousal -> Conscious (Psychological) Emotion Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion- Stimulus -> Processed in Brain -> Physical (Behavior) Arousal -> Conscious (Psychological) Emotion Appraisal process: stimulus and arousal occur, then you assess the situation to rationalize your emotions- Ex: zombie attack -> physical arousal -> “I don’t want to be eaten” -> emotion (fear)- Core-Relational Theme: what is the stimulus that can vary the appraisal of your physiological reaction and define emotiono Ex: zombie -----------> heart pounding -> fear top of ski slope -> heart pounding -> excitement- Primary Appraisal stage: automatic 1st appraisal of an event that are mainly orientedwith survival- Secondary Appraisal stage: later on looking back at reactions and weigh the consequences of the actionso Ex: scary dog -> heart pounding -> fear -> wait… he might be hurt Universal vs. Culture perspectives on emotion- Principle of Serviceable habits: all of our emotions are remnants of our ancestors (Darwin)o Three hypothesis & relevant studies- Cultural differences in emotional expressiono Emotion Accents: culturally specific ways that individuals express emotions in different cultureso Facial Emotions: group of 7-14 facial expressions that are common in all cultures and recognizable by similar wordso Hypercognize: many words for some one thing or rather one word to describe many things Focal Emotions: emotions that are common in particular cultureso Display rules: what emotions are appropriate to display when, how, and to whom you may express to Intensifying: the emotion you should express De-intensifying: the emotion you want to express Mask: hide the emotions you’re truly feeling Neutralize: not letting anyone see your emotions at allo Nonverbal communication: the way we use non-verbal gestures to express ourselves shows differently in different countries Ex: peace sign, shaking fist, etc.o Emoticons: helpful for expressing emotion where we couldn’t before, same brain regions that light up when someone smiles light up when you get o Language of touch: good chance of knowing how someone is feeling just by their touch (60% accuracy in telling which emotion) Provides rewards: knowing how to be happy and how to get there Soothing in stressful times: monkey wanting soft mother without nourishment rather than mother with nourishment- NBA study: teams do better than high five more (bonding)- Study with wives & husbands: just touching helped like pain killers when put into stressful situations- Emotional mimicry: paying attention to others emotions to know what is appropriate to express and when (not 100% knowledgeable of it)- Infrahumanization: in group tendency to be reluctant to say that out group membersare capable of complex emotionso Outgroup: the storm troopers (all look the same and act the same)o Ingroup: the Jedi (complex characters and deep)- Feelings as information Perspective: emotions can be good to get information quickly when many judgments are too complex to examine the rest of the information- From the reading assignment: Happiness