PSY 231 1st edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Erikson’s Personality TheoryII. EmotionsIII. TemperamentOutline of Current LectureI. Body GrowthII. Teeth III. Brain DevelopmentIV. Influences on growthV. Piaget’s Cognitive Development TheoryCurrent LectureI. Body Growtha. Dramatic growth levels ofi. Add 2 – 3 inches and 5 lbs. in weight per yearb. Body fat density decreasesi. Proportion becomes more adult-likeii. Activity levels are higherII. Teetha. Care is important even before baby teeth come in and before adult teeth come inb. Brush properly, avoid sugary foods, drink fluoridated water, get dental carec. Protect from tobacco smoke- causes immune system to be unable to fight bacteriai. More tooth decay- 2nd and 3rd hand smoke, 40% of 5-year olds, rises to 80% in high schoolIII. Brain DevelopmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. 70% - 90% of its adult sizei. large improvements in physicality and cognitionb. Delayed gratification- ability to wait for a rewardi. Marshmallow testii. Relates to huge diferences1. Kids who waited have higher SAT scores, better jobs, etc.c. Other developmenti. Planning and organization changesii. Language skills increaseiii. Spatial skills increaseiv. Frontal lobe has 2x the neurons as adultsv. Self-control increasesd. Lateralization continues—diferent rate of development depending on hemispherei. Handedness- Right or lefty?1. Pincer and ulnar grasp are related to the hand preference development2. Represents dominant cerebral hemisphere3. Leftiesa. More likely to be ambidextrous b. More like to have outstanding verbal and mathematical abilities4. Twins are more likely to be opposite handed because of prenatal experiencese. Brain changesi. Cerebellum1. Base of the brain involved in movementii. Corpus callosum 1. Connects two hemispheres for smooth coordination between both sides of the bodyiii. Reticular formation1. Ability to stay conscious and be alert2. Myelinates throughout early childhoodiv. Hippocampus1. Memory storage and retrievalIV. Influences on growtha. Pituitary glandi. Located at the base of the brainii. Releases hormonesiii. Growth hormone (GH)- necessary for growth of all tissues except the central nervous system and genitalsiv. Thyroid stimulating hormone- tells thyroid to release thyroxine1. Related to brain growth2. Test done immediately at birth because it’s necessary, and mental issues would occur without itb. Sleeping patternsi. GH is released when we sleepii. Sleep recommendations1. 2-year olds- 12 hours2. 6-year olds- 10 hours3. Cultural diferencesiii. Nightmeres- scary dreams during REM sleep1. Triggered by day-time stressiv. Night terrors- occur in a diferent stage of sleep and only some of it is remembered1. Triggered by day-time stressc. Nutritioni. Kids become picky eaters1. Help by frequent exposure to new foodii. Amount of food consumed declines because they’re not growing as muchanymored. Infectious diseasei. Immunizations do not cause autisme. Childhood injuriesi. Leading cause of death in childhoodii. Related to risk taking, poverty, low socioeconomic statusiii. Prevention is keyiv. Includes car accidents, pedestrian accidents, drowning, poisoning, gunshot wounds, burns, falls, and chokingV. Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theorya. Stages 2 – 7 (continued to next lecture)i. Preoperational Stage1. Make-believe play- changed mental representationsa. Interactions last longerb. Increased competencec. 25 – 45% of kids have imaginary friends—more social competence2. Dual Representationa. Example- using a bowl as a hatb. Limitations- rigid understanding of the world around them3. Types of thinkinga. Ego-centrici. Centered on their way of seeing the world around themb. Animistici. Giving inanimate objects thoughts and feelingsc. Magicali. Believing in Santa, the tooth fairy, the Easter