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Mizzou PSYCH 2210 - Methods and Sexuality
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Psych 2210 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Stage one: Initial viewingII. Stage two: free recallIII. ResultsIV. Event-Related PotentialsV. EEG/ERP vs. Single CellVI. Imaging the Living BrainVII. Advantages of MRI vs. CTVIII. Imaging Techniques: Activity Measures—PET and fMRI scansIX. PET vs. fMRIX. What does it meant to say a brain region is active?Outline of Current Lecture I. Experimental Techniques: Causal MeasuresII. The Sexual BrainIII. Chromosomal and Hormonal FactorsCurrent LectureI. Experimental Techniques: Causal Measuresa. Lesions: Inactivation of specified brain regioni. Using stereotaxic surgery to target a brain lesionb. Ventromedial Hypothalamus Lesionsi. If you make inactive, you create rats that cannot stop eatingc. Can establish causal linksi. If area is necessary for a behavior, then a lesion should eliminate that behavior ii. Lesions in different area should have no effectThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) i. Can adjust current level to alter brain activity 1. How it works: a. The magnetic field induces a current in the nearby neurons (causing them to “fire”, i.e. generate action potentials) 2. What it does: a. Virtual Lesion: reversible inactivation orb. Brain activation e. Optogenetics: modulating activity of neurons using light (rat walks around until the light gets turned on and then causes programmed specified neurons on or off) II. The Sexual Brain a. Sexual differentiationi. What does it mean to be a man or woman? 1. Simple view (chromosomes): Male=XY, Female=XXii. What are the “biological facts” 1. Chromosomes determine biological sexa. For most people, biological sex is consistent with gender identityand sexual orientationb. XX: feel like a women, attracted to menc. XY: feel like a man, attracted to womeniii. Biological sex is distinct from gender identity and sexual orientationiv. Gender identity can be opposite of biological sex v. Not limited to modern times: The Danish Girl 1. 1930’s first successful sex changevi. People can be attracted to others of same biological sex b. Sexual Orientationi. An enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes.c. Gender Identityi. The psychological sense of being male or female. Generally begins to form at agethree or between the ages of four and six. Can be different from biological sex, distinct from sexual orientation.d. Definitionsi. Sexual differentiation: process by which individuals develop male or female bodies and behaviors. 1. During prenatal developmentii. Biological Sex: the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female. iii. Gender Identity: the psychological sense of being male or female. Generally begins to form at age three or between the ages of four and six. Can be differentfrom biological sex, distinct from sexual orientation. 1. Chaz Bono, Chris Beck/Kristen Beckiv. Sexual Orientation: an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes. v. Not new, but newly accepted. Why increased acceptance? 1. 2003: Massachusetts legalized gay marriagea. 60% disapprovalb. Backlash: 12 states pass amendments2. 2013: Gay Marriage legal in 30 statesIII. Chromosomal and Hormonal Factorsa. Hormones and Sexual Differentiationi. Organizing Effects1. Influence structure of brain and body2. Lifelong in nature3. Occur during sensitive period (neo- or pre-natal)ii. Activating Effects1. Occur anytime in individual’s lifetime2. Come and go with hormonal fluctuations3. Are reversible b. Types of chemical communicationi. Endocrine—a hormone released into the bloodstream to selectively act on target issues. ii. Synaptic—chemical release and diffusion across a synapseiii. Pheromone—chemicals released outside the body to affect other individuals of the same pieces are pheromonesiv. Allomone—chemicals released outside the body to affect individuals of another species are allomonesc. Sex determinationi. Early developmental event that dictates whether a fetus will be male or female. 1. Genotype: XX vs. XY chromosomes2. Phenotype: Physical characteristicsii. All fetuses start undifferentiated1. Indifferent gonads: can become ovaries or testes2. Genital tubercle: can form external male or female structures3. Wolffian ducts: can form male internal organs (epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles) 4. Mullerian ducts: can form female internal organs (the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the vagina) d. Male Processi. SRY gene: sex determining region of the Y chromosome turns on at about week 8 ii. Development of Testes: develops from gonad, caused by SRY geneiii. Testosterone production: produced by testes, directs rest of sexual differentiationiv. Masculinization: testosterone promotes the development of the wolffian systemv. Defeminization: Anti-mullerian hormone induces the regression of the mullerian


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Mizzou PSYCH 2210 - Methods and Sexuality

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