Marb 435Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 13Review Questions - PlatyhelminthesQuestion 1. Name the three classes of the phylum Platyhelminthes and indicate which ones are parasitic.Class Turbellaria (flatworms)Class Trematoda (flukes)Class Cestoda (tapeworms)Trematoda and Cestoda are parasitesQuestion 2. Which of the following statements are true? Check all that apply:1. Platyhelminthes are coelomates: FALSE, they are acoelomates, which means they lack a coelom.2. Neoblasts can develop into any other cell type in a flatworm: TRUE3. Platyhelminthes have two anal pores: FALSE: they have no anus, they have only a gastrovascular cavity.4. Flatworms are generally hermaphrodites: TRUE5. Flatworms have spermatozoa with 2 tails: TRUE6. Flatworms have metanephridia: FALSE: Platyhelminthes have a flame cell7. Some flatworms produce tetrodotoxin: TRUE8. All platyhelminths have radial cleavage: FALSE: all coelomates are bilaterally symmetricalQuestion 3. Describe how turbellarian flatworms move and the role that the duoglands play in locomotion.They primarily rely on their cilia to glide them over surfaces, but they also have complex body wall musculature for looping or swimming. They have circular, diagonal, and longitudinal muscles.Duogland adhesive systems are found in some flatworms containing some cells which produce adhesive secretions and other cells which produce releasing secretionsQuestion 4. What are rhabdites and what are their possible functions?Rhabdites are rod-shaped secretory products characteristic of the Turbellaria but also found in nemerteans, gastrotrichs and annelids. The rhabdites are the only, or most common, secretory product released on the ventral locomotor sole and therefore they are thought to form the viscous mucus used in locomotion by ciliary gliding.It is proposed that the principal function of rhabdites in the worms studied, is adhesion.Question 5. How are turbellarian flatworms capable of killing prey much larger than themselves?They can wrap around the prey and cover it with toxic mucus, pin prey down with adhesive organs, or stab prey with its penis. Some can also produce a tetrodotoxin that will paralyze or kill its prey, allowing it to swallow the larger animal.Question 6. What type of excretory organs are present in Platyhelminthes?Platyhelminthes have a primitive excretory system made of flame cells (also called solenocytes), excretory ducts and excretory poresQuestion 7. In the following drawing, identify and label the male and female reproductive structures. (only pay attention to the colored text boxes. Blue is male, orange is female)Question 8. Name a trematode (digenean) and a cestode parasite species and name their definitive and intermediate hosts.Echinococcus sp. (cestode) intermediate host- sheep/goats/swine. Definitive Host- DogChinese liver fluke: Opisthorchis sinensis (trematoda) intermediate host- snails and fish. Definitive host- HumansSchistoma (trematoda) intermediate host-Human/snail. Definitave host- snailQuestion 9. The following are larval stages of which class of Platyhelminthes?Cysticercus: CestodaMiracidium: TrematodaOncosphere: CestodaMüller’s larva: TerbellariaCercaria: TrematodaRedia: TrematodaGötte’s larva: TurbellariaQuestion 10. Name the parasite that causes bilharziosis. What is unusual about this particular genus?Schistosomiasis (trematoda) Most symptoms from this parasite is caused by the eggs. It causes bladder problems and can cut circulation to the liver. It affects 200 million people, and there is male and female parasites that mate instead of undergoing asexual reproduction.Review Questions – NemerteaQuestion 1. Describe how the proboscis in nemerteans functions. What is its main function?The proboscis is suspended in the rynchocoes (a coelomic cavity) and it can be everted within split seconds through the proboscis pore. Some have stylets and or paralytic toxins. It can then be retracted again with the proboscis retractor muscle. Its main function is feeding.Questions 2. In which ways do nemerteans avoid predation?They have a glandular epidermis that secretes a sticky toxic mucus. Some can also inject toxins into their predators.Question 3. True or false?FALSE: Nemerteans are coelomates (they are acoelomates)TRUE: Some nemerteans parasitize crab egg massesFALSE: Nemerteans have a planula larva in their life cycle (they have pelidium larva)TRUE: The longest animal ever found was a nemerteanReview Questions – Mollusca IQuestion 1. Name the mollusc classes that the following diagrams represent: (Cephalopoda, Polyplacophora, Bivalvia, Gastropoda) respectively Question 2. What material do the mollusc radula and the mollusc shell consist of, respectively?Radula- chitinShell-Calcareous (calcium)Question 3. Which organs are typically located in the mantle cavity of molluscs?Osphradium, anus, nephridiopore, gill (ctenidium)Question 4. Add the labels to drawing below.Question 5. Name the mollusc classes that the following structures belong to:Captacula- scaphopodaGirdle- polyplacophoraCalcareous spicules- polyplacophora and aplacophora (more important in aplacophora)Aesthetes- polyplacophoraReview Questions – Mollusca IIQuestion 1. What is the process shown in the figure below called? Identify the structures indicated by lines.Question 2. What are some of the potential advantages and disadvantages of performing this process?The torsion process allows the head to be pulled into the shell first if it is in danger, however it causes the anus waste to fall down on the head.Question 3. Name one gastropod species (scientific or specific common name) each that falls into the following categories:Herbivore: Littorina spp. Or Elysia viridisCarnivore: Nudibranchs or Giant TritonSuspension feeder: Slipper LimpetTerrestrial: Garden SnailParasite: Boone asp.Freshwater-inhabiting: all PulmonatesTerrestrial: Garden SlugInvasive: Apple Snail (Pomacea canaliculata)Review Questions – Mollusca IIIQuestion 1. In the following diagram, indicate where dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior are. Name the structures labeled A-D. (the marked out words are not needed to know for the test)Question 2. Which of the following is a protobranch, a lamiellibranch and a septibranch bivalve?What is the main function of the gills in each case?Lamellibranchs, Protobranchs, “Septibranchs”Question 3. How do mussels and other benthic bivalves attach themselves to substrate?They have a byssus, which is a strong bundle of