BIOH 370 1st EditionLecture 16 Outline of Last Lecture Lymphatics and Immunity Day 2I. Development of the Immune System- Until BirthII. Innate Immunity: Nonspecific ImmunityIII. Internal Defenses: Second Line of Innate ImmunityIV. ComplementV. Development of Immune System After BirthVI. AntigenVII. Inflammation in ImmunityOutline of Current Lecture Lymphatics and Immunity Day 3I. Inflammation Effects on the Immune ResponseII. Innate Immune Cells That are PhagocytesIII. PAMPs and TLRsIV. Cells Communicate in Two Ways in During Immune Response1. Soluble Mechanisms2. Cell to Cell ContactV. Small Amount of Important Cytokines VI. Two Types of Adaptive Immune ResponsesThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.1. Cell-mediated Immunity2. Humoral or Antibody- mediated ImmunityCurrent LectureLymphatics and Immunity Day 3I. Inflammation Effects on the Immune Response- Inflammatory chemicals causeo Dilation of arterioles, resulting in hyperemia o Increased permeability of local capillaries and edema (leakage of exudate)Exudate contains proteins, clotting factors, and antibodies-Functions of thesurge of exudateo Moves foreign material into lymphatic vesselso Delivers clotting proteins to form a scaffold for repair and to isolate the area- Phagocytes help destroy microbes:II. Innate Immune Cells That are Phagocytes:- Common Innate Immune System Phagocytes:o Neutrophilso Macrophages (monocytes)- Adaptive Immune System Phagocytes:o Dendritic cells (specialized macrophages)o B cellsIII. PAMPs and TLRs:- If Pathogens are present, Phagocytes and epithelial cells (part of the innate immune system) can detect Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) and call in the right kind of lymphocytes to help begin a targeted attacko Epithelial Cellso resident macrophages, newly arrived monocyteso differentiated monocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells)o Respond to Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPS)- TLRs:o Receptors for PAMPs on innate cells are Toll Rececptors (from fruit flys) and Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) on mammalian cellso Part of innate response, but help start adaptive responseo Recognize PAMPs to increase activation of immune responseo Looks for specific patterns, but is a NONSPECIFIC example** Know TLR4 well= bacteria: LPS- Lipopolysaccharide from any Gram Negative bacteria activates TLR4 on Early Responders to microbial invasion which increases the production of cytokines through G protein signaling- Increased production of inflammatory cytokines induces migration of additional immune cells (including cells of the adaptive immune response)- TLRs are part of the innate immune response but they play a role in recruiting and activating cells of the adaptive immune response- TLR 4= expressed on outside of cell=>TLR4 binds to ligand=> G-protein signaling cascade=> up regulates=> increase production of cytokines=> can have a much more specific responseIV. Cells Communicate in Two Ways in During Immune Response1. Soluble Mechanisms: (autocrine and paracrine)- Cytokines: immune system hormones that tell other cells what to do- Chemokines are cytokines that tell other cells where to go2. Cell to Cell Contact: - Receptor/ Ligand interactions to activated cells to produce cytokines and chemokines- Induce cellular maturation and increased expression of receptors- Induce cell killing mechanisms**Most often immune activation uses both mechanisms simultaneously!!**V. Small Amount of Important Cytokines:- Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)= “weed-killer like”- good at the right amount of levels- if too much then can be toxicVI. Two Types of Adaptive Immune Responses1. Cell-mediated Immunity: (T cells) that kill antigens and antigen infected cells- T cells need antigen to be presented to them in order to be activated (by Antigen Presenting cells, or APCs)- Two types of T cells:o Cytotoxic T Cells: (CD8 protein)= Kills Cells= toxico Helper T Cells (CD4 proteins)= spread “weed killer”- secretes cytokines that will help B cells2. Humoral or Antibody- mediated Immunity: (B cells that turn into Plasma cells) - Results in antibody production that can bind an inactivate a specific
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