Exam # 2 Study Guide Lipids What is a polysaccharide? What does starch look like? What doe fiber look like? Polymer of many glucose. Starch is a branched polysaccharide. While fiber is a Non-branched polysaccharide. Can we absorb fiber? What can starch be broken down by? No insoluble fiber cannot be broken down. Starch can be broken down by enzymes. What are the functions of fat in the body with plants compared to animals? Why is there not much glycogen in the diet? Glycogen is the essential storage for exess glucose in humans and amylose in plants. Glycogen is not in the dieet because it is mostly synthesized in the body What cannot be oxidized? When is glucose stored? When is glucose oxidized? Where is glucose stored? Fat be oxidized. High ATP is what is stored from glucose. And is oxydized in low glucose. Glucose is stored in the liver. What CHO is from plants? Why can't fiber be digested? What are the 6 kinds of fiber? What can break the covalent bonds in fiber? Fiber is the CHO that you get from plants. Fiber can’t be digested because of the covalent bonds. The six kind of fibers are Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, lignin, gums, mucilages. Colonic bacteria can break the covalent bonds in fiber. FSHN 150 1st EditionWhat does colonic bacteria do to fiber? What does soluble fiber do? What is soluble fiber soluble in? What does insoluble fiber do in the body? What is usually n plant food? Colonic bacteria partially ferments the fiber. Soluble fiber lowers blood cholesterol and slows glucose absorption which can be found in water. The insoluble fiber softens stool. Plant foods usually combine soluble and insoluble fiber. What gives you a lower risk of heart disease? What is bio bioavailability? Low blood cholesterol gives you a lower risk for heart disease. Bioavailability is the amount of a nutrient that you digest and absorb. What is the US average for fiber? What is the DRI for fiber? US average is ~12 grams/day while the DRI for fiber is 25-38 grams/day. What is salivary amylase effect in digestion and where is it secreted? Salivary amylase s in your saliva to aid in CHO digestion. What does the small intestine release to aid in CHO digestion? What do enterocytes do? What are the 3 kinds of enterocytes? What does pancreatic amylase do? The small intestine releases pancreatic amylase, enterocytes which convert disaccharides to monosaccharides. Three enterocytes are maltase, sucrase, lactase. Pancreatic amylase continues the digestion of starch. Where does hepatic portal blood travel? What does the liver do with CHO in digestion?Hepatic blood travels from small intestine to liver. The liver converts fructose and galactose to glucose. Protein How is protein converted to glucose? How is glycogen/protein breakdown prevented? What do you release when well fed? What do you release when fasted? Protein > Amino Acid > Glucose. Protein/glycogen breakdown is prevented by Insulin release. Which is which insulin is released when well fed. When fasting however glucagon is released, What is gluconeogenesis (GNG)? What is fat good for? Why can't the central nervous system oxidize fat? Gluconeogenesis breaks down muscle protein when glucose is not available. Fat is good for muscle energy. The central nervous system doesn’t oxidize fat because enzymes are not expressed in the brain. How do simple carbohydrates taste? What carbs are vegetables made of? What nutrients mainly make up fruit? What nutrient do fruits not have much of? Simple carbohydrates taste sweet. Vegetables are made of simple carbs, starch and fiber. Fruit is mainly made up of fructose and fiber and has very little starch. Cereal grains provide significant percentage of what? What complex carbs are in cereal grains? Cereal grains provide a significant amount of kcalories. Starch and fiber are the complex carbs in cereal grains. What are 3 sources of dilute sugars? What is sugars level of energy and nutrient density?Three sources of dilute sugars are vegetables, fruit, and cereals. Sugars have high energy and low nutrient density. Is honey better for you than sugar? What is the difference between honey and sugar? Honey is not better for you than sugar. Sugar- linked bond between glucose and fructose, honey- unlinked. What can high fructose corn syrup cause in high amounts? Fructose is more or less sweet than other carbohydrates? What does high fructose corn syrup elevate? In high amounts high fructose corn syrup can cause lipidemia, heart problems. Fructose is sweeter than other carbohydrates. High fructose corn syrup elevates blood triglyceride What is hypertriglyceridemia? What is it a risk of? High amounts of fructose in the blood Hypertriglyceridemia is a risk factor for Heart disease. What caused most of the increase of consumption of added sugars? How much sugar does the average person eat per year? Processed foods causes the increase consumption of added sugars. An average person eats about 150 pounds per year. What causes bladder cancer in rats in high doses? How much sweeter is saccharin than sucrose? Saccharin causes cancer in rats in high doses. It is 300 times sweeter than sucrose. Why is aspartame not good for baking? What is the shelf life for aspartame? What are two problems with cyclamate?When heat breaks it down it makes it taste bad. The shelf life is about a year. Cyclamate caused cancer in rats at high doses and has a short shelf life. Why don't sugar alcohols cause cavities? Where are sugar alcohols commonly used? Sugar alcohols don’t cause cavities because the bacteria in mouth cannot metabolize it. This is why they are commonly used for chewing gum. What nutrient rich layers are removed from grains when milled? The bran and germ layers are removed causing the food to be less nutrient rich. What is hyperglycemia? What happens when you eat a high CHO meal with hypoglycemia? What is the difference between type 1 and 2 diabetes? High CHO causes pancreas to over-secrete insulin which causes blood glucose to fall. High blood sugar which is called diabetes. Type 1 is genetic and type 2 is caused by