GEOG1982 1nd Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Oil, Islam, and the Middle EastII. 3 Threads of MENAIII. OilIV. Making Saudi ArabiaV. IslamismVI. Arab NationalismVII. US backed coupsVIII. OPECOutline of Current LectureI. sub Saharan AfricaII. developmental geographyIII. explaining poverty in AfricaIV. vulnerability and hazardsV. historical factorsVI. scramble for AfricaVII. berlin conferenceVIII. independenceIX. African developmentThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.X. High value resourcesXI. Feminization of propertyXII. urbanization1. Sub-Saharan Africaa. Environment:i. Role that climate, land cover play in defining regionii. Hazards and vulnerabilityb. Why is Sub-Saharan Africa so poor? A developmental geography approachc. Colonialism and imperialism in Africad. Decolonizatione. Politically independent, but still operating under colonial economic modelf. Highest levels of property of any world region (though even that varies within the region)g. Most “rural” of any world region, large populations reliant on subsistence agriculture, herding h. Extensive resource, mineral wealth targeted by trade networks since colonial erai. Perennial target of internationally designed development policies aimed at eliminating poverty and promoting economic growth2. Developmental geographya. Studies spatial distributions of wealth and poverty b. Understood and explain patterns of inequality as outcome of historical, social, political, and environmental factors c. Builds on economic and historical geography; extends both to include cultural and environmental factorsd. How people and regions are designated as “underdeveloped” is a fundamentally political question3. Explaining poverty in Africa: “bad geography”a. Immense rainfall variationsb. Poor soilsc. Prevalence of tropical diseases i. Malaria, schistosomiasis, river blindnessd. Cumulative, negative forces on peoples’ ability to work either for subsistence or wagee. Famines4. Vulnerability and hazardsa. Saheli. Famine:1. Droughtii. Desertification1. Overgrazing, deforestation, climate, changeiii. Market forces profoundly shape both1. Farmers, herders often victims of famine due to poverty rather than lack of food2. Changing demands for crops drives cultivation into new areas3. Concentration of land ownership pushes subsistence into more marginal areas 4. Economic changes force people to “squeeze” more from subsistence 5. Development policy can promote market-led changes that sacrifice access to food, shelter5. Historical factorsa. Long history of integration with world system, focused on export of primary (natural) resourcesi. Slavesii. Cacaoiii. Logsiv. Ivoryv. Diamonds6. The “scramble” for Africa 1850-1914 a. Medical treatment for malaria allows European explorers to move inlandb. Promise that African resources would replace, exceed those lost to independence movements in the Americasc. Opens a new colonial frontier led by private corporations operating with support of European statesd. Discovery of gold and diamondse. Opens golden age of geography as discipline through exploration and cataloging of information about people, places, and resourcesf. Intensification of resource led exportsg. Vastly different approaches to colonialismi. French: assimilationii. British: “indirect rule” reliant on customary practicesiii. South Africa: “settler colonialism”iv. Belgium: mass killings, violence h. Violencei. European boundaries disregarded important social, political differencesii. Use of “tribes” as proxies for fighting each other European powers7. Berlin Conference 1884-85a. Convened by Germany to resolve military conflict between colonial powers in Africa b. Creates “spheres of influence” by European powers where they have exclusive rights to land and resourcesc. No African input in Conferenced. Some areas managed to remain outside of European control: Abyssinia, Liberia, pats of Siberia 8. Independencea. Post WWII disintegration of European empiresb. Independence movements led by foreign educated leadersc. Cold war proxy battlesi. Angola, Mozambique9. African Developmenta. Independent countries inherit colonial economies reliant on export of primary goods b. Exports required to import basic goodsc. Declining terms of trade mean value of exports declines in relation to the price of imports d. Reliance on foreign aid, in the forms of loans, to make up for the difference10. High value resourcesa. Continuation of colonial focus on exports of primary commoditiesb. Extraction organized by private entities operating under state licensec. Informal sector also remains important for gold, cobalt, diamonds11. Feminization of propertya. Cultural forms of gender inequalityi. Women eat after menii. Excluded from owning landiii. Limited opportunities to earn cashb. Economic/structural forms of inequalityi. Differences in pay for men and womenii. Women overlooked by developmental policyiii. Reduced access to education and medicine 12. Urbanizationa. 1960: 20% (17m) of population live in cities b. 2010: 37% (319m) c. Many live in “slums”i. Lack durable housingii. Crowding in housesiii. Lack easy access to water and sanitationiv. Lack formal title to homes,