PSYCH 1103 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Neo-Freudians a. Karen Horney II. Critical evaluation of psychodynamic approach a. Positives b. Negatives III. Trait approaches IV. Trait theories a. Gordon Allport b. Paul Costa and Robert McCrae c. Big-Five Model d. Biological trait theories V. Critical evaluation of trait theories a. Positives b. Negatives VI. Social-cognitive theories a. Julian Rotter Outline of Current Lecture I. Social-cognitive theories cont. a. Albert Bandura II. The Humanistic Approach III. Humanistic Theories a. Carl Rogers b. Abraham Maslow IV. Psychological DisordersV. Medical ModelVI. Defining abnormality a. Infrequency b. Norm violation c. Personal suffering d. Criteria for abnormality will vary by VII. Biopsychosocial model Current LectureI. Social-Cognitive Theoriesa. Albert Bandurai. Observational learning Bobo doll 1. If kids saw someone beating up bobo doll, then they woulddo the sameii. Reciprocal determinism 1. Relationship between what you do(behavior) (internal/personal factors) and your environment a. Self-reinforcing b. Vicious cycles2. Perceived self-efficacya. Learned expectation of success II. The Humanistic Approach a. Emphasizes cognitions, feelings, positive development b. Natural tendency towards growthi. Goodnessii. Creativity iii. Love iv. Joy c. Influenced by i. Clinical psychology ii. Philosophy1. Humanism III. Humanistic Theoriesa. Carl Rogers i. Actualizing tendency 1. Humans want to be as good as they can be2. Inclination towards personal growth ii. Self-actualization 1. Accurately experience one’s own self 2. Become most fulfilled self possible iii. Positive regard 1. Need for approval of others iv. Conditions of worth1. Own self-worth depends on behavior 2. You’ll only get a reward if you do the right thing 3. Evaluation is of the self rather than the behavior a. Instead of saying, “you are bad for breaking that”b. Say, “you did a bad thing by breaking that” c. Distinction is the thing is bad, not you are bad d. Identify the act and separate that from self b. Abraham Maslow i. Hierarchy of needs 1. Lower needs must be satisfied to move on to higher needs2. Higher-order needs develop later a. Evolved later ii. Interviewed people who he considered self-actualized (2% of population) 1. Self wants to be the best possible self iii. Deficiency motivation vs. growth motivation 1. Deficiency motivation- Can focus on what they don’t have or haven’t achieved 2. Growth motivation – interested in becoming your best self Psychological DisordersIV. “Psychological disorder” is a recently developed concepta. Before 1700’s, Western society considered many psychological disorders as demonic possession b. Slowly replaced by “medical model” V. Medical model a. Psychological disorders are disease with:i. Proximal causes ii. Defined symptoms iii. Potential cures VI. Defining abnormality a. Infrequency i. Relatively few people show the behavior 1. Talking to a vegetable b. Norm violation i. Behavior contradicts societal norms 1. Eating brains c. Personal suffering i. Individual experiences discomfort and distress from behavior 1. Fear of leaving house results in emotional distress d. Criteria for abnormality will vary by:i. Culture 1. Rules of social interaction ii. Context 1. Behavior at sporting event vs. funeral iii. Age 1. Speaking patterns of 3 vs. 20 year old VII. Biopsychosocial modela. Combination of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors cause mental disorders b. Biological factors i. Anatomy and physiology of brain c. Psychological factorsi. Thought processes that are maladaptive d. Socio-cultural factors i. Societal pressures and influences e. Diathesis-stress i. Biological predisposition makes one vulnerable ii. Stress as a catalyst VIII. Classification systemsa. Major goal for clinical psychology has been to develop categories for mental disorders i. What do we have to explain? ii. What classes of patients are there?b. North America i. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV ii. Now DSM 5c. Europe and elsewherei. International Classification of
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