Biology 1010 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. Cell-to-Cell communicationII. MutationsIII. Gene Expression ControlIV. Cancer GeneticsV. How does your body protect itself from cancer?VI. Why is cancer so hard to stop?VII. Cancer TreatmentsVIII. Genetic EngineeringIX. Genetic ModificationX. The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003XI. Gene therapy aims to cure genetic diseasesOutline of Current Lecture I. Heredity II. Trait inheritanceIII. Punnett square Current LectureHeredity •Characters and traits are inherited -Human eye color is a character, or an inherited feature that varies among individuals -Each possible variation of a character is a trait •Alleles are the individual units of inheritance -traits derive from genes-alternate forms of a particular gene are called alleles •Genotype vs. Phenotype -an organism’s phenotype is its physical traits-an organism’s genotype is its underlying genetic make-up, the alleles it is carrying These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.•Dominant vs. Recessive alleles -an individual who is heterozygous has two different alleles -only one allele will usually determine an organism’s appearance Trait inheritance•Homozygous- having two identical alleles -AA aa (two recessive or two dominant) •Heterozygous- having two different alleles -Aa-this is also considered being a carrier (carry both alleles)•How traits are inherited-dominant allele: an allele that can mask the presence of a recessive allele -recessive allele: an allele that reveals itself only if the organism has two copies of that allele Punnett Square•Can be used to predict the results of a genetic cross•In a genetic cross, two parents (P generation) are crossed to produce offspring (F1 generation) •Punnett squares are predictions-Punnett squares are named after a British geneticist: Reginald Punnett -a Punnett square allows you to predict the genotype and phenotype of the offspring-the simplest Punnett square follows one character in a monohybrid
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