HIS 101H 1nd Edition Lecture14Outline of Last Lecture I. MayansII. American societies III. Intro to spread od civilizations and movements of peopleOutline of Current Lecture IV. Finishing spread of civiV. Bantu VI. Japan Current LectureI. The Spread of Civilizations A. The Bantu expansion• Refers to language group which is parent tongue of many still spoken today• Bantu means “the people”• Slow & intermittent (over 1000 yrs) perhaps via rivers• Conquered less advanced neighborsB. bantu culture • Agriculture & fishing based; also raised goats & cattle• Lived in villages organized around kinship groups• Societies very diverse with diff. kingship arrangements, artistic forms etc.• By 13th cent. reached south & stopped because agriculture not possible (too rainy)—See map• Only few non-Bantu (i.e. pygmies) remained in most of Africa north of migration lineC. Axum: A Christian Kingdom• King Ezana converted to Christianity around 350• Solomon & Queen of Sheba; Their son, David became Menelik I, first king of Ethiopia• Located in Ethiopian highlands• Emerged as major center in 1st century (see WB)• Influenced by Arabian peninsula; developed system of writing based on ArabicD. Axum’s Cosmopolitanism• Traded ivory, salt, & slaves in Indian Ocean & Red SeaThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.• Defeated Meroe by 3rd century to become major military power• Monasteries & churches est. & literature emerges linking Axum to Queen of Sheba, Solomon’s wife• Later close to Byzantine Orthodox ChurchE. Golden Ghana• Trading state in West Africa that served as intermediary between southern gold producing areas & northern markets• Also traded salt for gold• Some leaders, like King of Gao, later converted to IslamF. Kumbi saleh• Capital of ancient kingdom of Ghana was actually 2 cities, one for king & his court, and another, occupied by Muslim traders, religious leaders, and scholars• Mosques & houses built in mud-walled style of North Africa• City renowned as center of great wealth• Conquered in 1076 & eventually succeeded by Kingdom of MaliG. Celts and Germanic tribes• Organized in small kingdoms w/fierce warrior leaders• No real cities or writing systems prior to Romans, but developed villages under Roman influence• But women probably more free & earned greater respect than in Rome• Some writers even considered Germanic peoples less degenerateJ. Spread of Germanic people• Tribes initially rather small and loosely organized, characterized by group loyalty & equality amongst fighting men• Marked improvements in agriculture, iron use, and manufacturing technology led to spread across Europe in first 5 centuries AD• Learned to copy Roman military structure & institutions partly because they were recruited into Roman armiesK. Ancient japan Ainu were original inhabitants• People most likely traveled from Korea• Korea remained important conduit for mainland (Chinese) culture• Remained independent for all of its history, selectively borrowing cultural elements frommainland• Divine origins & Shinto faithL. Formation of Japanese state• Yamato clan emerges paramount, 4th-5th cents.• Colony (Kaya) est. in Korea• Buddhism, Chinese writing & mounted warrior culture transmitted from Asian mainlandM. Role of Buddhism• Led to power struggles at Japanese court• Architectural influences• Literacy & culture• Popular influence/role• Ethics• Merger w/ShintoN. Great migration of Polynesia• Can trace via agriculture (yams, taro etc.) & animals (dogs, pigs, chickens)• Also by pottery styles though in many places it was later forgotten• Stratified societies organized around powerful chiefs emerged in some areas like Hawaii• Traveled in pahi, great double canoesO. Ancient Hawaii• Heavily populated by 1700, but no real towns or cities• Organized around warring chiefdoms• Most hierarchical Polynesian society, organized around agriculture• Ali’i=Chiefs• Mana=Sacred power•