Outline of Last LectureOutline of Current LectureCurrent LecturePsy 2301 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last LectureExam IOutline of Current LectureI. Definitions of IntelligenceII. Henry H. Goddard (1866-1957)III. Background: Gregor MendelIV. EugenicsV. How it all began...VI. Goddard’s Description of DeborahVII. Goddard’s InvestigationVIII.Decedents of Martin Jr. (The Bad Side)IX. Descendants of Martin Sr. (The Good Side)X. Methodological and Procedural WeaknessesXI. Unbelievably!Current LectureI. Definitions of IntelligenceA. Ability to learnB. Ability to adapt to new environmentsC. Abstract reasoningD. Ability to solve problems quickly and accuratelyE. Wechsler (1935)1. Intelligence is the ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environmentII. Henry H. Goddard (1866-1957)A. One of two men responsible for introducing the Binet-Simon scales to the US1. Terman was the otherB. Responsible for the creation of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales1. What you can do out in the world by one’s selfC. Conducted the famous/infamous investigation of the heritability of intelligence after being influenced by Gregor Mendel’s work1. 1912: The Kallikak Family: A Study in Heredity of Feeble-MindednessIII. Background: Gregor MendelA. Mendel worked with honeybees and plantsB. Performed numerous breeding experiemtns on the inheritance of certain characteristicsC. The results of his experiment established for the first time a valid set of principles of genetic inheritance 1. That is, offspring would be a blend of the parental characteristicsIV. EugenicsA. The study and practice of selective breeding applied to humans, with the aim of improving the species1. Racism2. Fascism (Nazis)V. How it all began...A. In 1897, a young girl, Deborah Kallikak, was admitted to the Vineland Institute at the age of 8. Fourteen years later (age 22), she was tested with the Binet-Simon scale and found to have a mental age of 9 years old, leading Goddard to classify her as a “moron”B. Henry Goddard worked at Vineland InstituteVI. Goddard’s Description of DeborahA. “A typical illustration of the mentality of a high grade feeble-minded person, the moron, the delinquent, the kind of girl or woman that fills our reformatories. They are wayward, they get into all sorts of trouble and difficulties, sexually and otherwise, and yet we have been accustomed to account for their defects on the basis of viciousness, environment, or ignorance” (Goddard, 1912)VII. Goddard’s InvestigationA. Traced her ancestry back to the American Revolution, when a soldier of “good family,” Martin Kallikak, Sr., had a “casual intimacy” with a feebleminded barmaid, which led to the birth of a boy, Martin Kallikak, Jr.B. After the war, Martin Sr. married a “worthy girl” from a Quaker family, and they had seven children (the good side). Martin Jr. was also married and had 10 children (the bad side)C. Figure 13.4 pictureD. Goddard investigated the children of both marriages, and concluded the none of the children ofthe Quaker woman was subnormal, while five of the children of Martin Jr. were unintelligentE. In later generations, the differences between the two sides of the families became apparently more strikingVIII.Decedents of Martin Jr. (The Bad Side)A. 46 normal; 143 feebleminded; 36 illegitimate births; 33 sexually immoral people; 3 epileptics; and 24 alcoholicsB. Further described as horse thieves, paupers, convicts, prostitutes, criminals, and keepers of ill reputeC. “Riffraff of society”IX. Descendants of Martin Sr. (The Good Side)A. Of the 495 descendants of the marriage to the Quaker woman, only three were “somewhat mentally degenerate people,” two alcoholics, one sexually loose person, and no illegitimate births or epilepticsB. “Pillars of society”X. Methodological and Procedural WeaknessesA. Study took just two years – very short period of time for a study of this magnitude and detailB. Research assistants had little to no training in genealogical research or interviewing. Additionally, they knew the aims of the study and may have been biasedC. There was little objective testing of the family members, and conclusions about a person’s intelligence were often inferences form passing observations (e.g., physical appearance, occupation, standing in the community)D. Criminal behavior and feeblemindedness are often equatedE. The influence of environment was ignored, and Goddard even went so far as to describe the environments as “practically the same”F. In 1981, Stephan Jay Gould, criticized Goddard for tampering with at least five of the photographs. He reportedly added crude dark lines to accentuate the unfavorable facial features of members of the bad side of the familyXI. Unbelievably!A. Goddard eventually served on the Committee for the Heredity of the Feeble-Minded which recommended that mentally defective people be sterilized!B. Goddard described sterilization of males as being almost as simple as having a tooth pulledC. Later, Goddard was stationed at Ellis Island to pick out mentally defective individuals – these individuals were eventually denied entry into the