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U of A ANTH 1023 - Gender and Religion (Chapters 9 & 12)

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I. Chapter 9 “Gender”- SexThe biological difference between male and female- GenderA cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences between male and female into socially meaningful categories- Cultural Construction of GenderThe idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting within each culture- Margaret MeadFirst to ask if femininity and masculinity is a cultural universalLooked around the world to find different understandings of gender- Judith ButlerEmphasized the idea that gender is performativeCulturally learned and made up gender behaviors- Gender RoleThe cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including the division of labor- Sexual DimorphismPhysical differences based on genetic differences between males and females- Possible explanations for the division of laborFertility MaintenanceReproductive RolesRelative StrengthCompatibility with Childcare- Multiple Gender IdentitiesDefinitions of sexual identities beyond the female and male duality, including third and fourth gender- Two SpiritAn alternative gender role in native North AmericaBerdacheHalf man / half womanMediators between the sexes in some Native American cultures- HijraAn alternative role in India conceptualized as neither man or womanBorn maleRemove genitaliaUse of female pronouns and dress- Initiation (to adult status)A formal ritual process that moves individuals from child status to adult statusII. Chapter 12 “Religion”Religion is a cultural universalReligionA social institution characterized by sacred stories; symbols and symbolism; the proposed existence of immeasurable beings, powers, states, places, and qualities; rituals and means of addressing the supernatural; specific practitioners (leaders and experts); and changeCosmologyA system of beliefs that deals with fundamental questions in the religious and social orderE.B. TaylorFirst to extensively study and contribute to religionAnimismThe notion that all objects, living, and nonliving, are imbued spiritsPolytheismBelief in many godsMonotheismBelief in a single GodTricksterA supernatural entity that does not act in the best interests of humansIntellectual (or cognitive) ApproachThe notion that religious beliefs provide explanations for puzzling things and eventsPsychological ApproachThe notion that the emotional or affective sanctions (incomplete)Sociological ApproachThe effects of religion on maintaining the institutions of society as a whole by instilling common values, creating solidarity, controlling behavior, and so forthDurkheimCollective EffervescenceCommunitasA state of perceived solidarity, equality, and unity among people sharing a religious ritual, often characterized by intense emotionAntistructureThe socially sanctioned use of behavior flippedHalloweenSacred NarrativesStories held to be holy and true by members of a religious traditionMagicAn attempt to mechanistically control supernatural forces. The belief that certain words, actions, and states of mind compel the supernatural to behave in predictable waysSocreryImitaitve MagicEx: Voodoo DollContagious MagicManipulating something that has come in contact with someoneANTH 1023 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture I. MarriageOutline of Current LectureI. Chapter 9- GenderII. Chapter 12- ReligionCurrent Lecture(Scroll down) I. Chapter 9 “Gender” - Sex- The biological difference between male and female - Gender- A cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences between male and female into socially meaningful categories - Cultural Construction of Gender- The idea that gender characteristics are the result of historical, economic, and political forces acting within each culture - Margaret Mead- First to ask if femininity and masculinity is a cultural universal- Looked around the world to find different understandings of gender These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. - Judith Butler- Emphasized the idea that gender is performative- Culturally learned and made up gender behaviors - Gender Role- The cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society,including the division of labor - Sexual Dimorphism- Physical differences based on genetic differences between males and females - Possible explanations for the division of labor- Fertility Maintenance- Reproductive Roles- Relative Strength- Compatibility with Childcare - Multiple Gender Identities- Definitions of sexual identities beyond the female and male duality, including third and fourth gender - Two Spirit- An alternative gender role in native North Americao Berdacheo Half man / half womano Mediators between the sexes in some Native American cultures - Hijra- An alternative role in India conceptualized as neither man or womano Born maleo Remove genitaliao Use of female pronouns and dress - Initiation (to adult status) - A formal ritual process that moves individuals from child status to adult status II. Chapter 12 “Religion” Religion is a cultural universal Religion- A social institution characterized by sacred stories; symbols and symbolism; the proposed existence of immeasurable beings, powers, states, places, and qualities; rituals and means of addressing the supernatural; specific practitioners (leaders and experts); and change Cosmology- A system of beliefs that deals with fundamental questions in the religious and social order E.B. Taylor- First to extensively study and contribute to religion Animism- The notion that all objects, living, and nonliving, are imbued spirits Polytheism- Belief in many gods Monotheism- Belief in a single God Trickster- A supernatural entity that does not act in the best interests of humans Intellectual (or cognitive) Approach- The notion that religious beliefs provide explanations for puzzling things and events Psychological Approach- The notion that the emotional or affective sanctions (incomplete) Sociological Approach- The effects of religion on maintaining the institutions of society as a whole by instilling common values, creating solidarity, controlling behavior, and so forth Durkheim- Collective Effervescence Communitas- A state of perceived solidarity,


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U of A ANTH 1023 - Gender and Religion (Chapters 9 & 12)

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