PSYCH 329 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Limbic system-Controls body functions and survival emotions. Stores memories, regulates hormones. (Am Hippo)1. Amygdala-filter sensory input. Long term memory formation, fear. Activates HPA axis. Makes initial decision if stimulus is a threat. Makes ruts bc of instant perception.o CTS overdevelops & becomes hypersensitive. Matured at birth.2. Hippocampus-Organizes memories for long-term storage, memory retrieval & reaction. Emotion. Matures 0-5 years. o CTS-left side smaller, sensory input misinterpreted, atrophies because of high cortisol levels.Frontal lobe-responsible for higher thinking.o CTS-smaller cortex volumes, don’t think before act. Neglect affects boys more, sexual abuse affects girls more.HPA axis: Hypothalamus, pituitary glands, adrenal glands.Stress response system (HPA axis)1. Hypothalamus- Releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (causes physiological symptoms from stress. Increases heartrate, blood pressure, etc.) Activates sympathetic nervous system (revs up body)2. Pituitary-Responds to CRH, releases ACTH,3. Adrenal- Responds to ACTH, releases cortisol.Cortisol: Stress fighting hormone.- Benefits-gives energy, increases memory, increased immunity, lower pain sensitivity, helps maintain body homeostasis. - Risks-too much put person in constant state of awareness, leads to excess body fat, blood sugar problems, anxiety, depression, panic attacks.Kindling: More things cause neural activationsACE study-risk factors of early death in adults are coping mechanisms for CTS. - 4 or more exposures, equalso 4-12x risk for alcoholism, drug abuse, depression, suicide attempt. o 2-4x increase in smoking, poor self-rated health, >50 intimate partners, and STD’s. o 1.4-1.6x increase in physical inactivity and severe obesityTrauma’s impact on brain1. Biological impactThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Changes way brain is sculptedAccelerates development of negative affect pathways & the corresponding neurobiological structures.Reduces brain volume Same size hemisphereSmaller hippocampus (memory, learning)2. Cognitive impactCompromised executive functioningPoor academic planningAttention/concentration problemsCant absorb information3. Emotional impact:More emotional reactionsEvent related potentials (ERP) more intenseExcessive negative emotions or blunted affectKindlingAffect dysregulation (bully, overeager to have friends, aggressive)4. Social impact:Disorganized/insecure attachments (don’t know who is safe/or don’t know who to trust)Increased angerBullying, don’t know how to make good relationshipsBossyProblems reading social cuesDifficulty adopting behavioral arousal to appropriate social demandsSource attribution errorsPolytraumatization-number of different traumas more important than specific events. Interpersonal worse.Caregiver Impairment4 types: Intellectual disability, physical illness, mental illness, substance abuse1. Intellectual-o Pros-No reasons that parents can’t care for kids, community functioning, comparative needs for kids, supports can help with child health & safety.o Cons-learning difficulties, poor problem solving ability, might not be able to read kids cues, inappropriate discipline, reasoning and remembering deficiencies, compromise routines, supervision and stimulation. o Risks for kids-developmental delays (model parents), health concerns, identityformation (cant distinguish between multiple kids, forget birthdays), primary attachments (parentified kids-parenting teachers/peers), CA/N and removal2. Physical illnesso Challenges-getting/keeping jobs, reliable transportation, less income, more expenses for services and equipment.o Risks-intrudes normal development, limit parents ability to visit school or participate in family activities, have to cope with real/perceived threats of death, financial burdens, disruptions of schedule. o Impact-internal/external behaviors, social stigma3. Mental illness Dysregulated caregiver = dysregulated kid (still face experiment)Parents may withdraw from kidsCumulative risks o Risks-genetic predisposition, altered parental behaviors (less response, energy,more self-absorbed, hostile.)o Protective factors-Stable home, therapy, family help, understanding parent is sick, school4. Substance abuse- Profiles of kids with substance abusing parents-class clown, black sheep, over achievers. o Risks-lowers frustration tolerance, aggressive impulses, increases anger reactions,parent focused on getting substance, abuse, neglect, isolation, guilt, lack of support, traumatic separations.o Impact-school difficulties, economic/employment impact on family, stress related health problems, take on adult roles. o Interventions: Kids-improve coping skills & interpersonal relationships, develop positive identity and self-esteem. Parents-improve parenting skills, prevent substance abuse.Fetal Alcohol Syndrome-damages brain, facial abnormalities, defects in heart, skeletal, kidney, or liver, vision/hearing problems.Responses-early diagnosis, team to help family, good home. Caregiver separation/DeprivationDeprivation-Bond made at least 60 days and then lost (death, neglect, etc). Can last through 3yo.Infants reactions to caregiver loss:1. Protest-anger, crying, wants caregiver.2. Grief-sad caregiver is gone, possible depression, downcast eyes, lack of appetite. 3. Detachment-No longer have a secure attachment with caregiver, responsive to food and toys, protective of themselves (guarded), lower levels of engagements.Anaclitic depression-severe and progressive depression in infants who lose their mothers & don’t get a suitable replacement. o Risk factors: long term separation, Bleak environment, No contact with caregivero Buffers: short term separations, periodic parental contact, sensitive substitute care. Divorceo Reactions: anger, anxiety depression, dependency, want to be with other parent, reconciliation fantasies. o Initial adjustments: finances, home routines change, compromised parenting behaviors. o Kid risks: number of life transitions, conflict between parents, legal system, parental impairments.o Kid buffers: Getting back to a routine, parent & family adjustment to new life, positive contact with other parent, involved grandparents. Developmental considerationsPreschool-regression, sleep disturbances, yearning for other parentEarly