SOCIOL 101 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 4-7Lecture (February 18)Socialization in Institutions- Social Institutionso Any group that has a set of organized beliefs and rules that establish how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs Need in order to function as a society Examples: politics, religion, education, family, the law, hospitalso Social practices: rules and social roles- What is a social structure?o A framework of social institutions and the social practices that make up a society and that organizes and establishes limits on people’s behavior Needed to keep our society running and social practices to keep our society running cohesively Has a hierarchy- How do people fit into social structure?o Status: a socially defined position in a group characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties Everybody has a statuso Status set: sum of all of your statuses Ex: female student, mother, wife, volunteer and Native American o Master status: most important status you occupyo Ascribed status: the social position you were born with or the attributes you holdwhich have little or no control over Include race/ethnicity, age, and gender Cannot changeo Achieved status: the social position that a person assumes voluntarily that is a result of choice, merit, or direct effort- What do you obtain once you have attained a specific achieved status?o Status symbol: a material sign that informs others of your specific status Clothes, jewelry, houses, cars What signifies “you made it”- What are roles?o Role: a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status Statuses require specific roleso Role expectations: the way that a specific role ought to be playedo Role performance: a person might not follow the expectations and may instead play the role the way they want too Role conflict: if there are different demands placed on the different statuses that you hold Balancing two different statuses: work and studento Role strain: occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that person occupies Ex: need to be successful and still put out time for family Two requirements in same status- What are social groups?o Social groups: consist of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identityo Primary social group: a small, less specialized group in which members spend a significant amount of time together Ex: families, friends, worko Secondary group: a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in impersonal, goal-oriented relationships Ex: school and churcheso Formal organization: an example of a highly structured social group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks Ex: joining a club, frat, sorority, a specific group that has a purpose and everyone has a roleo In-group: a group in which a person feels like they belongo Out-group: a group or category which people feel like they don’t belongReadingsArticle 14: Code of the Street- A set of informal rules governing interpersonal public behavior, particularly violence- Your status determines where you are placed Article 15: McDonaldization of Society- How to make this social institution successful follows 4 rules1. Efficiency: getting from one point to the other2. Calculability: emphasizes the quantitative aspects of products sold and services offered3. Predictability: the assurance that products and services will be the same over time and in all locales4. Control: exerted over consumers and workerso Status symbol: golden archeso Has a hierarchy within it of where you stand in this institutionFirst Openly Gay Football Player- Homosexual players are a part of the out-group- Role expectations- Role performance: coming out as a gay player- Role conflict and role strainWalmart- Social institutions are not balanced- Role conflict: employees balancing family life versus staying late at work- How is Walmart a social structure?o The high up people receive huge benefits and a lot of moneyo The workers receive nothing and barely able to make ends meeto Walmart uses the system by cutting cornerso Thousands of Walmart employee children and workers are supported by public assistanceo Provides support to other institutions as a social structure such as medicare and politics, which leads to skewed regulations and impacts social serviceso Role strain: higher up employers executing job and wanting to help lower employeeso Role performance: one employee was trying to form a union to improve conditionso Symbolic interaction: smiley face Group Dynamics and Interactions- What are the basic concepts related to groups?o Social group: a group of individuals who interact with each other and give each other a sense of belongingo Aggregate: a collection of people who are in the same place at the same time, but have little else in common Shoppers in department store, passengers on a plane Seen more in data collection- What are some basic concepts related to group leadership?o Authoritarian leaders: make all group decisions and assign taskso Democratic leaders: use group discussion and decision making to leado Laissez-faire leaders: are minimally involved with no leadership They encourage the group members to make their own decisions- Group behavioro Conformity: defined as the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms of a group Milgram’s experimento Groupthink: occurs when members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that individual members believe is unwise Ex: NASA’S challenger disaster- What is social change?o The alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over timeo Occurs through the efforts of large groups of people who work together to change the way things areo This behavior is voluntary, spontaneous activity engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant-group norms and valueso Ex: legalizing marijuana, gay marriage- What is collectivity?o Occurs when a number of people act together for changeo Usually occurs when structural factors increase the chances of people respondingin a particular way Anything that causes a group of people to start to change their beliefso Timing is important- What are different types of collective behavior?o Collective behavior: people respond to the same event in much the same wayo Crowd: large number of people in immediate vicinityo Mass: large number of people