KIN 3305 1st Edition Lecture 13 Scholastic and Youth Sport Programs Developing the Future via Physical Activity Outline of Previous Lecture I Organized Sport Programs for Children II Early Goals of Organized Sport Programs III IV V VI VII Youth Sport Development Major societal changes occur in late 1960s and 1970s Major Trends Privatization Trends of YSP Issues Besetting Contemporary YSP Outline of Current Lecture I II III IV V VI VII VIII Performance Ethic Driven Programs Informal and Formal YSP Experiences Unique Aspects of Informal Games Unique Aspects of Formal Games Social Factors and Scholastic Youth Sport Experiences Sport Experiences of Low and High Income Youths Parents and Youth Sport Programs Issues and Concerns in YSP Current Lecture IX Performance Ethic Driven Programs a Basic Characteristics i Emphasis primarily placed on activity outcomes ii Progressive skill development highly emphasized iii Performance becomes a measured outcome iv Fun defined by personal improvement and success v Often private and or selective vi Affective concerns feelings secondary b Read Huffington Post Privatization of Youth Sport These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute i http www huffingtonpost com clark power separate and unequal the X 1 b 6344644 html c Outcomes i Programs often exclusive and emphasize competition more so than public programs ii Programs often market themselves on successful graduates iii Physically superior kids most often recruited and attracted 1 Expenses and training viewed as investments 2 Connections drawn between childhood sport involvement and future educational and vocational activities iv Sport specialization strongly encouraged 1 Year round commitments via memberships and fees 2 Referred to as training schools clubs academies camps 3 Similar to specialized schools in Europe and Asia which cater to elite competitions in figure skating gymnastics tennis ice hockey soccers and swimming v Detrimental Concerns 1 Over involvement can lead to injuries and maladies e g Okino 2 Specialization can lead social isolation 3 Hyper commitment can lead to malevolent behavior 4 Performance driven ethic can lead to lowered self esteem 5 Training schedules can emulate jobs child labor issues 6 Residential training facilities may foster dependence d Alternative Sport Forms AKA Action Sports i Etiology promotes departure from conventional programs 1 Constraints and controls of adult sponsored YSP 2 Exclusivity and performance oriented aspects of YSP 3 Rigid and extensive structure of conventional YSP ii Growth rationale 1 house rules structure 2 participant controlled activities 3 flexible facilities and equipment 4 inclusive nature iii Activities 1 Skateboarding snowboarding trick cycling 2 X Games Gravity Games Dew Action Sports Tour Informal and Formal YSP Experiences a Research on Youth Sport Experiences Coakley 2009 i Highlights studies of kids sport experiences ii Informal and formal sport structures analyzed iii Results give insight into strengths and weaknesses iv Data secured via observations and interviews b Key Findings in Informal Sport Experiences XI XII XIII XIV i Action which led to a score ii Personal involvement playing iii Challenging contest e g close scores iv Reaffirmation of friends bonding Unique Aspects of Informal Games a Structure i Games and rules often resembled organized programs ii Rule modifications made to enhance action iii Handicap systems employed to equalize talent pool iv Personal involvement emphasized via house rules b Inherent Concerns i Bigger and stronger kids may exploit smaller weaker and less skilled kids ii Girls may incur sexist remarks and discrimination iii Rule arbitration negotiated by social or playing status iv Last kids selected often feel rejected or slighted Unique Aspects of Formal Games a Structure i Highly structured ii Adult controlled iii Fewer arguments iv Kids serious and concerned about performance and game outcomes b Inherent Concerns i Playing time varied and was viewed strongly ii Smaller marginally skilled and timid played less iii Highly skilled players became frustrated when pulled iv Strict rule enforcement yields stoppage of play Social Factors and Scholastic Youth Sport Experiences a Social conditions can impact sport orientations i Sport selection ii Ability of participants iii Attitudes perspectives of participants and spectators iv Significance of sport participation b Socioeconomic status impacts sport experiences in diverse ways i Resources e g fees facilities and equipment ii Access iii Safety Sport Experiences of Low and High Income Youths a When resources and facilities are limited i Most skilled gain access ii Competition becomes more intense iii Selectivity is heightened iv Ego and machismo may be at stake v Major concern is winning vi Game rules enforced more strictly XV XVI b When resources and facilities are in surplus i Participation is primary concern ii Less threatening cohort environment iii Available alternatives exist in and out of sport Parents and Youth Sport Programs a Do YSP affect parent kid relationships YES b Parents may have unrealistic expectations i Often expect to see miniature pros ii Expectations may differ from kids iii Can place undue pressure and stress on kids iv May live vicariously via kids c Family enters into YSP when child participates i Commitment via time money and transportation ii Involvement as coach official snack provider etc iii Schedules may be altered to accommodate YSP Issues and Concerns in YSP a Expectations and demands of coaches i May border on child abuse and expectation b Shortcomings can occur when parents get too involved i Yablonsky and Bower 1979 ii Michigan Study 1978 iii Sports Illustrated 2004 iv U S News and World Report 2004 v Miscellaneous YMCA examples