Exam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 4Exam 2 Study Guide (Chapters 5-8)Psych 3711.001: Brain and Behavior Exam 2 will cover the material from lecture and from Chapters 5-8 from Kolb and Whishaw. The exam will be comprised of multiple choice and short-answer questions. You may also be given extra credit questions in a different format than those that comprise the actual exam (e.g., essay). Lecture 1: Chapter 5 – Synapses and Neurotransmitter Systems (February 13)- Synapses o Know the parts of a synapse o What do the terms presynaptic and postsynaptic mean?o Know the different types of synaptic connections (e.g., axoaxonic, axosomatic, etc.).o What are Type I and Type II synapses? (be able to compare and contrast them) Which type is excitatory and which is inhibitory?o What is the detailed neural basis of habituation and sensitization?o What is plasticity?- Know the steps involved in chemical transmission o Synthesis – How do neurotransmitters come to be in the axon terminal?o Release – what processes are involved in the release of neurotransmitters? Know how calcium and calmodulin are involved  What effect does the arrival of an action potential have on the release of  transmitter vesicles?o Action – transmitter binding to ionotropic or metabotropic receptors o Inactivation – In what ways can inactivation occur?- Neurotransmitters o What are the criteria for a substance to be classified as a neurotransmitter?o What are small-molecule transmitters (e.g., acetylcholine)?o Glutamate and GABAo Biological amines (e.g., dopamine)o Neuropeptides and Gases- Know the difference between Ionotropic and Metabotropic receptors. o What is a second messenger? o What is a first messenger? o What is an autoreceptor? Psy 3711 1st Edition- Be able to list and describe the activating/ascending neurotransmitter systems in the CNS, and be able to give an example function for each (e.g., dopamine and motor control).o Cholinergic o Dopaminergic o Noradrenergico SerotonergicLecture 2: Chapter 6 – Psychopharmacology (February 18)- How is a drug’s route of administration related to the concept of “barriers”?- How is a drug’s route of administration related to its dose, efficacy, and safety?- What structures make up the blood-brain barrier? - How does the blood brain barrier differ from the capillary system in the rest of the body?- Why is active transport an important mechanism for supplying glucose and oxygen to the brain?- Which class of drugs acts on the GABAA receptor? What effect does this have on overall CNS function? - Define the drug effects tolerance and sensitization - What are the different types of tolerance?- List two DA agonists and one DA antagonist and their specific mechanisms of action- What are the mechanisms by which cocaine and amphetamine affect dopamine levels?- Explain the DA hypothesis of schizophrenia and provide different two pieces of evidence for it- How do MAOIs and SSRIs affect serotonin levels? (what are their specific mechanisms?)- Name one of the two competitive inhibitors of opioids discussed in class and the text. What mechanism makes them effective for treating morphine overdoses?- Define substance abuse and dependence- What brain structures are involved in the fast and slow acting stress responses, and whatstructure is thought to play a role in turning off the stress response?Lecture 3: Chapter 7 – Neuroscience Methods (February 20)- What method did Karl Lashley use to study memory? What did he conclude from his work?- What was the important discovery made by Scoville and Milner? How did that discovery come about?- What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and how does it work?- What do EEG and MEG measure? How are they alike and how are they different?- What is involved in measuring event-related potentials? - How does optogenetics work?- How does magnetic resonance imaging work?- What signal changes are measured by fMRI? How are those signals thought to relate to the activity of individual neurons?- How does Positron Emission Tomography (PET) work? - What do the concepts of spatial and temporal resolution in neuroimaging refer to?Lecture 4: Chapter 8 – Brain and Cognitive Development (February 23)- What is the role of the neural tube in brain development?- What is the relationship between stem cells, progenitor cells, and neuroblasts and glioblasts?- What is the subventricular zone?- What are radial glial cells and what stage of brain development are they most associatedwith?- Be able to correctly order the different processes involved in brain development: neurogenesis, migration, maturation, and myelogenesis- What are the main processes associated with neural maturation?- Define synaptic pruning and apoptosis. How do they relate to cognitive development?- How does synaptic pruning relate to neurotrophic factors and apoptosis?- What is unique about the time course of frontal lobe development?- What are critical