KIN 3305 1st Edition Lecture 12 Scholastic and Youth Sport Programs Developing the Future via Physical Activity Outline of Previous Lecture I Talk with Mr Poitier a Cowboys of Color Outline of Current Lecture I Organized Sport Programs for Children II Early Goals of Organized Sport Programs III IV V VI VII Youth Sport Development Major societal changes occur in late 1960s and 1970s Major Trends Privatization Trends of YSP Issues Besetting Contemporary YSP Current Lecture I Overview Organized Sport Programs for Children II a Organized sport in North America and Europe i Developed for more than health fitness and recreational enjoyment ii Practical uses were envisioned b Sport Team Sports and the Tiering Effect i Designed to teach lower class boys how to cooperate and work together peacefully ii Designed to turn middle and upper class boys into strong assertive and competitive men future leaders Early Goals of Organized Sport Programs a Lower Class Boys i Potential Outcomes 1 Productive These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute III IV 2 Cooperative 3 Obedient ii Career Outcomes 1 Production 2 Service 3 Laborers 4 Blue collar workers b Middle Upper Class Boys i Potential Outcomes 1 Strong 2 Assertive 3 Competitive ii Career Outcomes 1 Business 2 Military 3 Politics 4 Leaders c Girls i Encouraged to participate in girly activities and noncompetitive games tennis ii Activities designed to train them to become mothers and homemakers iii Domestic sciences had a higher priority than sport skills more functional iv Sport interests basically ignored v Relegated to spectator and cheerleading roles Youth Sport Development a Evolved dramatically after WWII b Little League Baseball was exception 1939 c Exponential growth during the 1950s and 1960s d Aided by public private and commercial sponsors e Programs primarily for boys 8 14 f Factors i Baby Boom ii Kraus Webber Test 1953 iii Cold War era iv Sputnik 1957 v Eisenhower Kennedy Administrations vi Eisenhower establishes President s Council on Youth Fitness now called President s Council on Fitness Sport Nutrition Major societal changes occur in late 1960s and 1970s a Segregation ruled illegal Racial integration in effect b Female sport participation increased dramatically c Impetus for increased participation i Fitness Movement V VI VII ii Women s Movement iii Title XI d Americans strongly support YSP 90 i Yet misgivings exist about YSP outcomes 85 1 Respondents noted that coaches took games too seriously 2 Too much emphasis placed on winning 3 Not enough emphasis on physical and psychological development of participation Coakley 1994 The Rise of Organized Adult Controlled YSP a Perceived Benefits i Vehicle for keeping kids occupied out of trouble and under adult control ii Safe alternative to hanging out without adult supervision iii Functional role of sport 1 Future fame fortune 2 Scholarship potential 3 Socialization identity 4 Discipline structure Major Trends a Privatization i YSP rely heavily on private and commercial organizations for financial support ii Performance Ethic performance driven 1 Technical skills development highly emphasized b Increase in Private Elite Training Facilities i Specialized programs for highly skilled affluent youth c Increased Parent Involvement i Activities have become more serious for kids and parents d Alternative Action Programs i Disenchantment with conventional sport forms Privatization Trends of YSP a b c d VIII More reliant upon private and commercial entities Fewer tax supported or subsidized programs Public park and recreation centers forced to charge Public facilities forced to scale back activity offerings drop programs and close facilities completely due to budgetary constraints i City wide soccer programs ii Public pools Issues Besetting Contemporary YSP a Financial Shortfalls i Pay for play corporate support solicitation and fundraisers become the norm b Selective and Exclusive Programs i Often cater to only those who can afford to pay disparate impact or defacto discrimination ii Participation opportunities limited c Private Programs Attract Financially Affluent i Can perpetuate inequities hostilities and contempt ii Segregation and social class divisions often occur 1 Coakley 86 88