GEOL 404 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 – 12 Lecture 1 Scope of Petroleum GeologyWhat molecules make up hydrocarbons?Hydrogen and Carbon – Which is organicWhat are the 5 major energy resources, and which is consumed the most?Petroleum, Natural Gas, Coal, Nuclear and Renewable energy --- Petroleum at 40%Will the energy demand increase or decrease in the future?Increase – It will double Describe the differences between Conventional and Unconventional Reservoirs.Conventional are easy to develop but contain small volumes of oil.Unconventional are difficult to develop b/c tight rock shale, contain large volumes of oil.Lecture 2Reservoir SystemsName the 5 required items that make up a Reservoir System.Source Rock, Seal, Structure, Reservoir Rock, and TimingPOS is the Geological Possibility of Success and it determines if a project is profitable. What is the cut off percentage for POS for a standard company?70%Define Kerogen Type, and name 2 that are found in reservoir rocks. Kerogen provides the organic material that petroleum is made from. Source Material and Algae. What is the Wilson Cycle?The crust is being dragged by the convection cells in the earths mantle. Allows for good predictable models of what happens to the plates in motion. T/F climate affects the movement of plates? Why, why not?True – Warm to cold weather impacts sea level and sedimentary record. Define Primary and Secondary Migration with reference to seal rocks.Primary migration – the source rock has been buried deep enough to generate hydrocarbons. Secondary migration is an actual flow through the carrier. Note that top seals are needed, but so are side and bottom seals too. Name the 3 plate movements, and 2 structures that are generated from them. Tension, Compression, Shear – Anticlines, SynclinesDescribe the differences from a depositional environment, clastic environment and carbonate environment. Depositional – Include the shape, thickness, geometry and type of reservoir. Clastic – Deal with the scale, and heterogeneities of the reservoir. Carbonates – Focus on the location of oil ( limestone, shale), the porosity and reefs. Lecture 3 Earth AnalysisName the 4 layers that make up the Earth.Core, Outer Core, Mantle, CrustDescribe the differences between the Mesosphere, Asthenosphere, and Lithosphere.Mesos- Hot and stronger because of the high pressures 350 km.Asthen – Hot but weak and plastic 100 km.Lithos – Cool and rigid, brittle because it’s on the Earths surface. What do S and P waves show, and state what each do. They show the convection currents. P waves can pass through solids liquids and gasses. Swaves can only pass through solids. T/F Velocity increases throughout the Earth the deeper you are (Crust vs Core)?True – Inner Core has a velocity of 11.2, Crust is 6.5.Define: Mantle PlumesAn abnormality where hot rock nucleates at the core boundary and rises through the mantle becoming a diaper (like a lava lamp).What are the 3 locations where Mantle Plumes are formed?Outer Core – Primary source for plumes.Lower Mantle – Originates from rise of the domes of super wells.Upper Mantle – Originates from tensile stressWhat are the 5 major processes in the Wilson Cycle, and describe what each do.Continental inflation, Rifting – linear zone where Earths crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart, Drifting – movement of Earths continents relative to each other, Subduction – Earth layer being pulled down under another layer, Collision – when 2 plates touch and run into each other. Lecture 4 Conditioning AgentsGive an example of the following: Atmospheric Circulatory System, hydrogeological cycle, modern day depositional settings, environmental conditioners, sequence stratigraphy.Atmospheric Circulatory System – Climate zones that distribute equatorial forestsHydrogeological Cycle – orographic precipitation and rain shadowsModern day Depositional Settings – Continential, transitional, marineEnvironmental Conditioners – Geometry, lithology, sediment structures, fossilsSequence stratigraphy – Sea level changes, transgressions and regressionsDefine: Coriolis Force, rain shadowsCoriolis Force – Spiral wind pattern that makes the climate very unpredictableRain Shadows – Water buildup in clouds that’s released due to a mountain rangeName the 3 Cells found in the Coriolis Force and give an example of each.Polar Cell – Polar - Dry, sun humid, humid. Ferrel Cell – Temperature – Sun humid, dry, aridHadley Cell – Tropical – Dry, sun humid, humidT/F Present day climactic zones are well documented? Climactic zones are influenced by the distribution of the continental plates? It’s unreasonable to assume this cell pattern has dominated the location of climatic belts?-T, T, F – It is a reasonable assumptionDescribe how rain shadow can affect continental drift.Rain, if dropped over a long period of time will create erosion of the current. Rain will mix with the sea water, and salt will evaporate and expand, pushing the plates apart. What are 3 ways of sedimentary transportation?Rolling – Heaviest particles stay on the bottom. Bouncing – lighter particles have steep upward trajectories. Suspension – lightest particles are airborne along by the current. Define and state the 3 types of transportation currents.Traction, Density, Suspension. Traction - rolling and saltation can form cross bedded sands. Density – Combination of traction and saltation, contains sand, clay and silt shows graded bedding. Suspension – settle out of suspension, typically very fine silts.What are the ages of alluvial sediments?Youth – Alluvial fan association – early stage of rivers and mountain fronts, bed depositsMature – Flood plain association – mature rivers, mixed load depositsOld – Coastal plain delta association – old rivers, upper plains, swampy areas with peatsDescribe the differences between deserts and deltas. Include main creation factor. Deserts – Winds are the creation factor – Includes Aeolian sands, and dunesDelta – Formed from sedimentary transportation – mouth of river flows into an ocean, estuary, lake or reservoir. Classification based on grain size. Lecture 5FaciesDefine: Facies, Facies association, Lithofacies, Biofacies, Ichnofacies, seismic Facies.Facies – Body of rock characterized by lithology, grain size, texture, and geometry. Facies association – Paleoenvironments involving sequences in