LAW 322 1st Edition Exam #2 Study GuideLecture 1 (January 21)Introduction to AnthropologyWhat exactly is Anthropology?The study of humankind in all times and places using a holistic approach.What are the four subfields of Anthropology and describe each.The four subfields of anthropology are linguistic anthropology, biological/physical anthropology, cultural anthropology, and archaeology.Linguistic AnthropologyI.Description of, history of, and relationship between human languages 1. How a language is formed, how it works, thehistory and development of language, and its relationship toother aspects of culture J. Language structure and how words reflect perception of the world A. Ethnolinguistics B. Sociolinguistics Biological/Physical Anthropology• The study of humans as organisms • Paleoanthropology • Evolution- Studies humans as biological beings both in the presentand the past, including biological adaptation to environment andgenetic variation • Primatology – The study of living or fossil primates (Jane Goodall, DianeFossey) • Forensic Anthropology – Identification of human remains for legalpurposes Cultural Anthropology• Studies people in the present as culture producers • Aims to understand diversity of human behavior, thoughts, andfeelings (i.e., cultural variation) • Researches cultural differences • Overlap with other fields • “Culture” is the central concept and is what sets us apart from otherspecies Archaeology• The systematic study of the remains of previous cultures as ameans of reconstructing the life ways of people who lived inthe past • Spans ca. 6 million years to present • Examines artifacts, ecofacts, settlements, settlement patterns, lithics,features • Prehistoric archaeology • Historic archaeology • Cultural Resource Management (CRM) • Emphasis on material culture Lecture 2 (Jan 28)What are the four ways Anthropology is unique as a discipline?Anthropology is specifically unique through Holism, Fieldwork, Comparative Method, and Cultural Relativism/Ethnocentrism/Human Rights.Holism• A theory about culture • Institutions and beliefs are integrated in a particular pattern • Culture cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its componentparts alone • Culture is dynamic Fieldwork• Collect primary data in natural field settings • Make connection with culture outside of the laboratory • Investigate, analyze, open up to understanding • Each sub-discipline has specific fieldwork techniques Comparative Method• Look for connections between single aspects of culture• Methodological approach of comparing data • Not ranking cultures as better than or worse than but describingdifferencesCultural Relativism/Ethnocentrism• Cultural Relativism – Any culture must be viewed within the context ofthat culture • Ethnocentrism – Making value judgments of a culture by comparingit your own culture • Human rights? Lecture 3 (Feb 4)Describe and define Creationism, Evolution, Natural Selection, and Genetics.Creationism• Most cultures have a story explaining the appearance of humans on earth.• Creationism – Stories that depict the relationship between humans andthe rest of the natural world. • Can reflect a deep connection among people, other animals and the earth. Evolution• Evolutionism is based in the biological sciences and also accounts for thediversity of life. • Differs from Creationism in that evolution is based in scientifichypotheses that test organism variations First Steps to the Theory of Evolution• With the Industrial Revolution came mobility and transportation. • Railways, Colonialism • Darwin – mid 1800’s • Observed species variation • Influenced by Lyell (geology and Malthus (economics) • On the Origin of Species 1859Natural Selection• Natural Selection – Process by which nature selects forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment, and those forms do so ingreater numbers than others in the same population Genetics• Mendel’s experiments • Gregor Mendel discovered heredity determined by discrete particles orunits • Two basic forms of traits: dominant and recessive • Dominant: mask recessiveforms in hybrid (mixed)individuals • Recessive traits would appearin later generations • Basic genetic units (genes or alleles) are located on chromosomes • Humans: 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), one in each pair from fatherand other from mother • Gene: position on chromosome that wholly or partially determinebiological traits • Alleles – alternate forms of a single gene; biochemically differentforms of a given gene • Individuals may be homozygous or heterozygous withrespect to a particular gene • Homozygous:possessing twoidentical alleles • Heterozygous:possessing differentalleles Lecture 4 (Feb11)Discuss and describe adaptation, chronology, and the early mammal and primates that inhabited the Earth.Adaptation• Different aspects of Evolution allow adaptation to occur• Adaptation – A series of beneficial adjustments to the environmentChronology• History of vertebrate life divided into three main eras • Paleozoic, ancient life: fishes,amphibians, and primitive reptiles • Mesozoic, middle life:reptiles, including dinosaurs• Cenozoic, recent life: birds andmammals; era of interest foranthropologists Miocene Hominids• Earliest hominoid fossils date to the Miocene epoch (23-5 m.y.a.) • Hominoid- Members of the superfamily including humans and allapes • Africa • Most abundant and successful anthropoid group of the earlyMiocene • Teeth with similarities to those of modern apes, but skeleton belowthe neck more monkey-like • Probably included last common ancestor shared by Old Worldmonkeys and the apes The Primates• Later Miocene apes • Middle Miocene (16-10 m.y.a.): more than 20 species of proto-apes • Gigantopithecus • Probably largest primate ever • At least two species: • One lived in northern India around 5 m.y.a. • Another coexisted with Homo erectus in China andVietnam some 400,000 years ago Early Mammals• Evidence indicates the first mammals appeared 200 million yearsago as small nocturnal creatures. • The earliest