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UT Knoxville ESS 120 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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ESS 120 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study Guide Topics to be covered:· Mangareva, Pitcairn, Henderson Islands (Collapse p. 120-135)· Anasazi (Collapse p. 136-156)· Soils and Carbon· Greenland/Iceland (Collapse p. 178-276, Soils and Civs p. 227-255)· Maya (Soils and Civs p. 141-201)· Dominican Republic and Haiti (Collapse p. 329-357)· Dust BowlGeneral1.Where was each civilization located? What led to their collapse or sustained survival?- Mangareva, Pitcairn, Henderson Islands: Middle of the South Pacific, West of Africa and East of Australia… M-P-H west to east. known as south polynesiao All collapsed:o mangareva suffered from deforestation similar to Easter Island’s: high latitude, low ash, and dust fallout. Interior hills were damaged from deforestation… rain erosion removed topsoil starvation battles between people over land made manpower for traveling limited… Killed trade with pitcairn and hendersono Pitcairn showed signs of soil erosion from deforestation; five of nine birds species went extinct o Henderson overate shellfish and nesting birdso Henderson and pitcairn may also have died off due to Mangareva’s dying off of tradeo No one is on Henderson or pitcairn to this day -- Actually it says “The descendants… living on Pitcairn today number only 52” - Diamond p. 123o Mangareva, whose population survived at the cost of a drastically lowered standard of living.(From Collapse) - Anasazi: Mesa Verde National Park (SW Colorado) and Chaco Culture National Historical Park(NW New Mexico)o warfare → cannibalismo Four Corner’s -Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona o deforestationo draught- Greenland: NE of Canada, west of Scandinavia and Swedeno Collapsed due to multiple factorso cooled climate made farming hay impossible (the Norse depended on this)o hostile Inuit nativeso varying climates created a “little ice age” that sealed off sea trade with britaino destroyed land by burning trees and cutting for lumber-- grazing animals prevented regrowth- Iceland: SE of Greenlando had fragile soils that the Vikings didn’t know how to handleo the soils took longer to form and were eroded more quicklyo cool climate forced vegetation to grow slower-- organic matter to fertilize created more slowlyo HOWEVER they survived because they were close enough to britain and norway to trade wool and dried cod for other goods in bulko They were also smart enough to recognize their land is not something to “experiment” with versus some of the other civilizations. (From Collapse)- Mayao Central America, above Guatemala, southern half of modern day Mexico.o Spanish conquest of the mayans. They dominated their resources, soils, land, water etc.o Low levels of production, low protein diet, no animal power or metal tools.o Diamond said “Too many farmers growing too many crops on too much of the landscape.o deforestationo wars between nobleso lack of water? Run off was very fast, sandy soils, no wells, contamination.- Dominican Republico The dominican republic basically did everything that Haiti should have. They reacted to the environmental changes better and established a more stable government. It was more attractive to immigrants and traders, which helped them establish an economy. Developed infrastructure. - Haiti  Environmental degradation, slash and burn. Failure to react to this problem caused soil erosion which we know ruins everything Flash floods drought and famine desertification economy impacted by environmental impact- Dust Bowl (During the depression)o Located in the midwesto States that were affected: Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexicoo Farmers claimed static electricity killed their crops o Worst drought in US history, 75 percent of countryo Caused by straight row cultivation was a standard, lack of awareness concerning clean row cultivation, climate conditions, and the fact that the government was giving out land to anyone with federal homestead acts.o Basically we lost all our topsoil, it was a huge drought, people died, and it raised awareness that we need our soil.2.How do they fit into Jared Diamond’s themes of why civilizations collapse and group decision-making?- human environmental impact- environment and population problems lead to warfare- non-self-sufficient societies- societies grow too fast and collapse quickly- Fail to manage: soils, forests, and waterMangareva, Pitcairn, Henderson3.What was traded between the three islands Mangareva, Pitcairn, Henderson?- Mangareva sent: Oyster shells (for fishhooks and peelers), pigs, taro, and crops to Pitcairn and Henderson, basalt adzes, canoes, and oven stones to Henderson- Pitcairn sent: Volcanic glass (for cutting tools and adzes), and basalt to Mangareva and Henderson, Canoes to Henderson- Henderson sent: sea turtles, parrot feathers, and marriage partners to Mangareva and Pitcairn, fishhooks to Mangareva4.How did each of these islands end up after trade stopped? Were there any survivors?Mangareva is the only island that has inhabitants. Environmental damage lead to social and political chaos and loss of timber for canoes which ended trade.Anasazi5.How did the Anasazi make dry land agriculture work for them?-reliance on direct rainfall, higher elevations such as Mesa Verde- higher elevations rely on Rainfall - Mimbres- planted near springs and shallow ground water- moved from spot to spot once one spot was exhausted - Farming on flood plains- runoff agriculture- mesa tops and other manmade features6.What was their culture like-where did they live and what did they eat?- corn, squash, and beans (known as The Three Sisters)- New Mexico, in little towns and villages- Chaco Canyon-Pueblo Bonito: above ground buildings in canyons7.What are some of the factors leading to their collapse?- -Southwest’s fragility- -cutting of deeps arroyos, water level below plants- -deforestation- -dry climate couldn’t keep pace with heavy logging- -trees dragged from more than 50 miles away- -somehow, managed to continue to increase construction boom- -peak pop at 5000 pple- -hunted all deer, replaced with mice- -last beam- -cannibalism?- -Kayenta settlements moved up to steep cliffs for protection- -defensive walls, moats, towers- -burned villages, scalping, unburied bodies, skeletons with arrowheads inside- -theme of civil unrest and warfare- -drought- -more people, most dependent on outlying settlements- -no land left unoccupied 8.What is


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UT Knoxville ESS 120 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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