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URI SOC 100 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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Section 1: Economic Inequality in the US and the WorldSection 2: Gender InequalityTerms to know for the exam:SOC 100 1st Edition Exam #2 Study GuideBelow are some of the things you may see on an exam. Be sure to review your notes and readings as well for key points and concepts.SECTION 1: ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IN THE US AND THE WORLDProletariats vs. Bourgeoisie- Proletariats:o The “working class”o Those who sell their labor for profito Those who don’t own capital- Bourgeoisie: o The owners of the means of productiono Those who own capital or means of productiono Those who buy laborCapitalism, Socialism and Communism/ Marxist Theory/ Marx, “The Communist Manifesto” (p. 206)- Capitalism: A mode of production based on private ownership of capitalo Goal: To make a profito Marx predicted the demise of capitalism and thought it would be replaced by socialism and eventually communismo Separates laborers from the product they createo Marx was anti-capitalist because the Bourgeoisie had to exploit the Proletariats Exploitation: The B. make a profit by not paying the P. the full value of their labor. When employment is a scarcity, P’s have no choice who they sell their labor to/ for how much Many P’s have no real skills Increased mechanization has had a negative effect on employment rates Many P’s are replaceable Many P’s have false consciousness Ideological control:The B’s promote false consciousness by promoting the ideology of equal opportunity, divisions between the labor force, and religion- Socialism: Public or proletarian ownership of the means of productiono Goal: To meet human needso Examples in modern day US (everyone pays by way of taxation and receives benefits): Public education Law enforcement Medicare/Medicaid Transportation/Infrastructure Public Safety- Communism: (Marx) A utopian society where no one would own anything and there would be no need for a state or government.o Society would have perfect equality and peace.Q: What is Marx’s problem with capitalism?Q: What are the goals of each social structure (Capitalism, Socialism and Communism)?Q: Why is a finished product worth more than the raw materials that went into it?Q: What are some examples of how wealthy individuals, corporationsand industries have influenced their maximization of profit?Scott and Leonhardt, “Shadowy Lines that Still Divide” (p. 210)Key Concepts:- Outlines class differences and the possibility for class system movement (or lack there of).- Most Americans do not believe that there is a “level playing field” in our society. (p. 212 para. 1)- “Class is one way societies sort themselves out” (p. 212 para. 2)- Class consciousness: Awareness of one’s position in social structure; awareness of what your labor is worth- False consciousness: Lack of awareness of position in social structure; usually among proletariats.- Social Class: a division of a society based on social and economic status.- Consumerism: the theory that an increasing consumption of goods is economically desirable; a preoccupation with and an inclination toward thebuying of consumer goods- Social Mobility:The movement of individuals, families, households, or othercategories of people within or between social strata in a society;a change in social status relative to others' social location within a given society.- Meritocracy: a society in which we achieve success through how hard we work.o However, in reality, our success ACTUALLY depends on our location in the social structure at birth. America cannot be defined as a meritocracy.- Social Stratification: a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchyFoster, “Aspects of Class in the US: An Introduction” (sakai)Key Concepts:- Income: paycheck from work; flow of money into the household- Wealth: accumulation of everything you own minus debt- Contingent workers:those who work for an organization on a non-permanent basis, also known as freelancers, independent professionals, temporary contract workers, independent contractors or consultants- Elites: a select part of a group that is superior to the rest in terms of abilityor qualitiesQ: What is the difference between income and wealth?Film: “Waiting on the World to Change”Key Concepts:- Your position in class is NOT determined by how hard you work, but rather the porition of your parents and grandparents in the social system. Where you are born is where you’ll most likely stay.Gans, “Uses of the Underclass in America” (sakai)Key Concepts:- Exploitation- Ideological control: “people attribute poverty to shortcomings because that’s what the B. want people to think so our society’s class system can remain intact”- Alienation (separation)- Gentrification: the process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent people into deteriorating areas that often displaces poorer residentSECTION 2: GENDER INEQUALITYAnderson, “The Social Construction of Gender” (p. 305)Key Concepts:-Gender: the state of being male or female (typically used with reference tosocial and cultural differences rather than biological ones)-Gendered institution: institutions (like parenthood) have roles within them based on gender.-Gender socialization: the process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with one's sex.Q: What are the roles of women vs. the roles of men in our society?Hesse-Biber, “Men and Women: Mind and Body” (p. 53)Key Concepts:-Cult:a system of religious veneration and devotion directed toward a particular figure or object-Cultural hegemony: the domination of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class, who manipulate the culture of that society-Custom: a traditional and widely accepted way of behaving or doing something that is specific to a particular society, place, or time-Dominant culture:the established language, religion, values, rituals, and social customs; these traits are often the norm for the society as a wholeQ: What types of fashion trends can you think of today that are common among women and girls that are, or have the potential to be, harmful?Film, “Killing Us Softly III”Key Concepts:- Dehumanization/ objectification:to deprive of human qualities, personality,or spirit; the seeing and/or treating a person, usually a woman, as an objecto the focus is primarily on sexual objectification, occurring in the sexual realm- There is an increasing sexualization of


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URI SOC 100 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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