HS 222 1st Edition Lecture 7Outline of Last Lecture Chapter 6 – Urinary System- Urinary System- Function of the Kidneys- Ureters- Disorders of the Kidneys- Dialysis- Urinary Bladder- Urethra- Disorders of the Urinary Bladder and Urethra- Diagnostic Procedures- Word Analysis- Abbreviations- TermsOutline of Current LectureChapter 7 – The Male Reproductive System- Primary Sex Organs- Secondary Sex Organs- Accessory Glands- Testes and Spermatic Cord- Testosterone- Spermatogenesis- Mature Sperm- Disorders of the Testes- Disorders of the Prostate Gland- Infertility- Disorders of the Penis- TermsCurrent LecturePrimary Sex Organs-Testes (Gonads)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Secondary Sex Organs-Penis -enable urine to flow outside of the body, and deposit semen into the female reproductive tract to allow for fertilization.oErection - When the penis becomes engorged with bloodoEjaculation - Expelling of semen-Scrotum-Perineum - Triangle region between the thighs at which the external genitalia is located-Ejaculatory ducts-Epididymis - Epi/didym/is - Coiled tube attached to the testis-Vas / Deferens - Tube that carries sperm away from the epididymis, also called the ductus deferens.-UrethraAccessory Glands-Seminal Vesicle - Semin/al vesic/le - Small sac that produces seminal fluid -Prostate gland-Bulbourethral gland Testes and Spermatic Cord-Testes: Function is to produce sperm and the male sex hormones (androgens) and are contained within the scrotum. They are made up of many lobules which contain seminiferous tubules; the cells between these tubules are called interstitial cells. These cells produce the androgen testosterone. It is suspended by the cremaster muscle. The dartos muscle constrict and relax based on temperature change to keep the testes in homeostasis. oTemperature is vital when in regards to the testes, the scrotum is positioned so the testes remain about 1-3 degrees cooler than the body for optimum sperm production.-Spermatic Cord: (aka: Vas Deferens) Fibers and tissues that connects the testis to the body, contains the nerves and blood vessels that serves the testis. Its primary function is for the passage of semen. Testosterone-Spermatogenesis-Proper development of a male fetus-Inhibits female hormones-Sustains the development of the male reproductive tract-Stimulates larynx grow and develop a lower-pitch-Develops male sex characteristics-Growth at puberty SpermatogenesisCell division in sexual reproduction. Happens inside the seminiferous tubule, and work their way out to the lumen to eventually be discharged.-Mitosis - 2 Identical cells that contain 46 chromosomesoOne is saved and moves on to sperm cell to undergo meiosis-Meiosis - 4 Spermatids that contain 23 chromosomesoImmature sperm cells until furthered along in spermiognesis-Spermiogenesis - Create fully functional and mature sperm to eventually create a zygote when combined with an egg. Mature Sperm-Head - Contains nucleus for fertilization, has enzymes to break through the layers of the egg.-Mid-piece - Contains many mitochondria for energy to get from the cervix all the way to the fallopian/uterine tube.-Tail - propels the sperm through body fluid Disorders of the Testes-Testicular torsion - twisting of the testis on the spermatic cord. Blood vessels, arteries, and ducts to testis can be sealed off. -Varicocele - Swelling due to venous dilation.-Hydrocele - Swelling due to water, build-up of excess fluid in the space between the layers that cover the testis-Spermatocele - Swelling due to excess sperm, collection sac that forms in the epididymis.-Cryptorchism - One or both testicles do not descend-Epididymitis - Inflammation of the epididymis, can be caused by UTI or STD-Orchitis - Inflammation of the testes, can be caused by infection of mumps, UTI, or STD.-Testicular Cancer - Cancer of the testes, can be caught early with a testicular-self exam. Disorders of the Prostate Gland-Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) - Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, as the prostate enlarges it narrows the opening for the urethra - making urination difficult, retention, and polyuria.-Prostate Cancer - Asymptomatic, screened by using Digital Rectal Exam and PSA blood test.-Prostatitis - Inflammation of the prostate, often caused by bacterial infection Infertility - A year of not being able to conceive-Impaired sperm production-Impaired delivery of sperm-Testosterone deficiency-Trauma, inflammation, testicular cancer, etc. Disorders of the Penis-TraumaoZipper Syndrome - Catching the penis in the zipper of the pants-Peyronie's Disease - Curvature of the penis, corrected by surgery-Priapism - Consistent and painful erection, result of recreational drugs, spinal damage/surgery. Can result in permanent erectile dysfunction.-Penile cancer - Cancer of the penis, rare, often in those non been circumcised.- STDs - Sexually transmitted diseases-Erectile dysfunction - Inability to achieve or sustain an satisfactory erection-Premature Ejaculation - Expelling semen quickly during intercourse that causes embarrassment for the male Terms-Testis - singular form of the male gonads-Testes - plural form of the male gonads (pair of testis)-Epididymides - plural form of epididymis-Vasa Deferentia - plural form of the vas deferens-Spermatazoon - signal sperm cell-Spermatazoa - multiple sperm cells-Flagellum – Tail on a cell that allows for transportation-Flagella –Plural form of flagellum-Choriocarinoma - Cancerous tumor of a membrane (in the testis or the ovary)-Seminoma - Tumor of the immature sperm cells-Teratoma - Tumor that contains multiple tissues from other sites of the body-Anorchism - Without/lacking testicle, absence of the development of a testis or testes-Cryptorchism - Hidden testis, failure of testis or testes to descend from the body-Infertility -Decreased ability to conceive-Sterility - Absolute inability to reproduce-Vasectomy - Excision of a segment of the vas deferens to produce sterility-Vasovasostomy - the reversal of a