PSYC 202 1st Edition Lecture 6Types of Measures - Observational (covered in last lecture)o Anything that can physically be seen- Physiological o How do processes occurring in the brain and nervous system relate to psychological phenomena?o Neural Electrical Activity  EEG: electroencephalograph- Brain waves, electrical. EMG: electromyograph- Muscle tension or movement. Neuroimaging: fMRI- Blood flow to parts of braino Autonomic Nervous System Involuntary Responses- Heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, skin temperature Blood and Saliva Assays- Cortisol - stress - Testosterone – aggression- White blood cells – health- Self-Reporto Questionnaires:  Written questions or statements. Often called “items”- Inexpensive, easy to use, anonymous o Interview:  Researcher asks questions and the participants respond orallyo Three components of writing good questions: The wording of the actual question The response format The number of questions o Do a consistency check By rewording things just to check that the person isn’t lying and is paying attention and taking your survey seriouso Multi-Scale Item Composite just takes an average of the scale and how that person feels overall (like if you were rating a scale on anger, you’d see how overall angry you are/were)o Response Format: In what manner can the respondent answer a question? Free response format - (open ended)o Leaves it up to you to answer however you wanto Sometimes hard to use because if you need numbers for statistical data and someone gives you an answer like “often” then what do you do with it? Throw away? Keep and still use? Because just how often is often?  Rating Scale response format - (range)- When it varies in frequency or durationo Not at all to always Fixed alternative response format - (multiple choice)o Measurement scales  Nominal- Labels or groups Ordinal- Rank or order Interval- Magnitude of difference Ratio- Absolute Zero Must ask “does the scale have these four properties?”- Magnitudeo Less or more than the other Ex: Height- Equal intervals - Absolute