Psychology Exam 3 Study Guide Chapter 8 Terms Motivation and Emotions Emotion a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of psychological activity James Lange Theory a theory which asserts that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain Cannon Bard Theory a theory which asserts that a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the autonomic nervous system and emotional experience in the brain Two Factory Theory a theory which asserts that emotions are inferences about the causes of physiological arousal Appraisal an evaluation of the emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus Emotion Regulation the use of cognitive and behavioral strategies to influence ones emotional experience Reappraisal changing ones emotional experience by changing the meaning of the emotioneliciting stimulus Emotional Expression any observable sign of an emotional state Universality Hypothesis the hypothesis that emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone Facial feedback hypothesis the hypothesis that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify Display Rules Norms for the control of emotional expression Motivation the purpose for or psychological cause of an action Hedonic Principle the notion that all people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain Homeostasis the tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in a particular state Drive an internal state generated by departures from physiological optimality Bulimia Nervosa an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging Anorexia Nervosa an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe restriction of food intake Metabolism the rate at which energy is used by the body Human Sexual Response Cycle the stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity Excitement phase muscle tension and blood flow increase in and around sexual organs heart and respiration rate increases and blood pressure reses Plateau Phase heart rate and muscle tension increase further mans urinary bladder closes Orgasm Phase breathing becomes extremely rapid pelvic muscles begin rhythmic contractions men ejaculate Resolution Phase muscles relax blood pressure drops and body returns to resting state Mortality Salience Hypothesis the prediction that people who are reminded of their own mortality will work to reinforce their cultural worldviews Intrinsic Motivation a motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding Extrinsic Motivation a motivation to take actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward Conscious Motivation a motivation of which one is aware Unconscious Motivation a motivation of which one is not aware Need for achievement the motivation to solve worthwhile problems Approach motivation a motivation to experience positive outcome Avoidance motivation a motivation not to experience negative outcomes Chapter 8 Notes Motivation involves factors that energize initiate direct and sustain behavior what needs do people have drives to satisfy unmet needs Needs are states of deficiency Maslow s influential concept of a hierarchy of needs helped shape humanistic psychology Pyramid with psychological needs at bottom hungry thirsty cold then safety then belonging and love then esteem and self actualization at the top Drives are psychological states activated to satisfy needs needs produce states of arousal which drive behavior Negative feedback helps maintain homeostasis Yerkes Dodson Law Hull proposed that specific aroused drive states increase in proportion to amount of deprivation Behaviors that consistently reduce drives and arousal become habit Incentives are external motivators and are culturally determined Peak of curve on graph perfectly focused and engaged needs are all met Some behaviors are motivated for their own sake intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation curiosity play and exploratory drive creativity and problem solving extrinsic rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation control theory feel better about things we feel in control of and selfperception step back and ask selves why we do things we do things because we like to Humans have fundamental need to belong the need to belong is a basic motive that drives behavior and influences cognition and emotion not belonging increases risk for health problems including emotional distress social exclusion theory will engage in behaviors to avoid being excluded from group People seek others when they are anxious isolation produces anxiety but anxiety motivates the desire for company desire company of others in similar situations misery loves company not just any company ex Cancer patients social comparison theory how we re doing in comparison to others Emotion complex reactions that engage our bodies and minds at multiple levels Facial Feedback Hypothesis emotion is linked to facial muscles smile vs frown muscles mood improved in using smile muscles vs frown muscles Botox paralyzes face and helps with migrations used with MS patients who had facial spasms research shows it effects emotional experiences The Emotional Brain the amygdala plays an important role in emotion threat detector Appraisal an evaluation of the emotion relevant aspects of a stimulus Fast thalamus amygdala and slow thalamus cortex amygdala pathways of fear in the brain Emotions have a cognitive component Schacter s two factor theory proposes emtions result from the interaction of physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal people can misattribute the source of emotional states Excitation Transfer VIDEO where danger passion intense emotional experience that can be transferred from one to another had people write a brief traumatic story while running into a woman on a rickety or stable bridge then the woman gave man her number more men who met her on scary bridge called her vs on stable bridge and scary bridge stories were much more romantic and sexual Are there universal cross culturally evident emotions six emotions happiness sadness anger disgust fear surprise are recognized as universal they exist across cultures and are independent of cultural contexts of expression Evidence actors posed in photos to express emotions Photos shown to members of literate Swedes Japanese Kenyans and pre literate New Guinea tribe cultures persons asked to identify the emotions being portrayed all cultures correctly identified the