DOC PREVIEW
CSU LIFE 102 - Exam 2 Study Guide

This preview shows page 1 out of 4 pages.

Save
View full document
View full document
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 4 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience
Premium Document
Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 4 pages.
Access to all documents
Download any document
Ad free experience

Unformatted text preview:

Exam #2 Study Chapters: 7-10 Chapter 7: Membrane Structure I. What are the functions of membranes? What are the major structural components of membranes? a. Cells and organelles are surrounded by membranes to create boundaries inside and out of the cell. The membrane contains polar phosphate heads and non-polar fatty acid tails that are arranged in the bilayer. II. Why is the plasma membrane a selectively-permeable membrane? a. Selectively permeable control traffic in and out of cell and some substances will cross easily and other won’t III. What are the characteristics of a “fluid-mosaic” plasma membrane? a. Fluid mosaic states that the membrane is a fluid structure with a mosaic of various proteins embedded in it. It contains the phospholipid which is the most abundant lipid in the plasma membrane and contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. IV. Membrane viscosity is influenced by what factors? What is the role of cholesterol? a. A vicious membrane is gummy and is influences by the temperature, type of phospholipids, and cholesterol content. The higher the cholesterol content the more fluid the membrane will be. V. What are integral membrane proteins? What are peripheral membrane proteins? a. Integral membrane proteins are incorporated into the membrane and peripheral are bound to the surface of the membrane. VI. How are small, non-polar molecules transported across membranes? a. They are transported through passive transport which requires no additional energy and moves molecules from high to low concentrations. VII. What are the properties of diffusion? Does it require energy? a. Diffusion is moving across the lipid bilayer with no help of proteins. Non-polar molecules and small uncharged polar molecules do not use energy through diffusion. VIII. How do passive and active transport differ? a. A passive transport does not require energy while a active transport does. IX. What is osmosis? What drives osmosis? a. Osmosis is the passive diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane. It is caused by solutes that don’t cross the membrane. X. What are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solutions? Which way does water move between these various types of solutions? What solution do plant and animal cells prefer? a. Hypotonic- lower concentration solute which plant cells prefer b. Hypertonic – higher concentration of solute c. Isotonic – equal concentrations of solute on each side of membrane which animal cells prefer d. Water moves towards highest solute concentration and towards the lowest free water concentration. XI. How are larger molecules moved across membranes? a. Larger molecules are moved through facilitated diffusion. Chapter 8: Metabolism I. What is anabolism? Catabolism? How are they related? a. Anabolism is any process that results in synthesis or assembly large molecules from smaller molecules and usually requires an input of energy. Catabolism is the opposite and breaks down large molecules into smaller molecules by breaking chemical bonds and usually releases energy. II. What is the First Law of Thermodynamics? The Second Law? a. The first law states that energy is constant and can’t be created nor destroyed. The second law states that during every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusual, and is often lost as heat, III. What is Gibbs free energy? What is the relationship between the ΔG for a chemical reaction and an exergonic or endergonic reaction? What is an exergonic reaction? An endergonic reaction? a. Gibbs free energy is useful energy that can do work. If the delta G is positive then it is endergonic and if it is negative then it is exergonic. IV. What are the components of ATP? How is ATP used to perform some types of cellular work? Life102 1st Editiona. ATP is the energy of the cell and is made up of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. V. How does the energy in ATP facilitate chemical reactions? a. ATP provides energy to drive non-spontaneous reactions. VI. What is activation energy? What are the mechanisms used to overcome activation energy? a. Activation energy is the initial energy needed to start a reaction to break covalent bonds usually in an exergonic reaction. Two ways to overcome activation barrier are heating, to loosen bonds, and enzymes, so that the proteins can speed up reactions and act as a biological catalyst. VII. What is an enzyme? What is the active site? What effect does an enzyme have on the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction? a. Enzymes catalyze reactions by lowering the energy of activation barrier. The active site is the actual site where the substrate binds to the enzyme for the reaction to proceed. The enzymes are very specific and accelerate one particular reaction. VIII. What happens to an enzyme during the course of a chemical reaction? Are enzymes permanently altered in the reaction? a. The enzyme promotes reactions but is not used up in the reaction, is not a part of the final product, and can be reused again. IX. What is a co-factor? A coenzyme? A competitive inhibitor? A non-competitive inhibitor? An allosteric site? a. A co-factor is a non-protein molecule or atom required for enzyme activity Two types of inhibitors are competitive binds in active site, and non-competitive, binds to an allosteric site. An allosteric site is a location away from the active site X. What is feed-back inhibition or “end product” inhibition? What is the effect of an increase in product in a multi-enzyme pathway? A decrease in product? a. common type of regulation, where the product of a reaction inhibits its own production through competitive inhibition (it resembles the substrate). b. Result: when the product reaches a certain level, the reaction stops. XI. What is allosteric regulation of a multimeric/multi-subunit protein? What is cooperativity? Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration & Fermentation I. Give the reaction of glucose (sugar) with molecular oxygen. Is this reaction endergonic or exergonic? a. Cellular respiration is exergonic and is the reaction of sugar and oxygen. Oxygen is used, and carbon dioxide is produced. II. Oxygen is very electronegative. What does this mean? What happens when a molecule is oxidized? Reduced? What is a redox reaction? a. Sense oxygen is very electronegative which means it attracts electrons and pulls them closer to its


View Full Document

CSU LIFE 102 - Exam 2 Study Guide

Download Exam 2 Study Guide
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Exam 2 Study Guide and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Exam 2 Study Guide 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?