ENVS 210 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture II. Green revolution lead to the development of monoculturea. PesticidesIII. Pests evolve resistance to pesticidesa. Mutationsb. Selection acts on diversityIV. Genes to proteinsa. DNA RNA ribosomeb. tRNAV. example of herbicide resistancea. roundup ready seedsb. glyphosate (NPR report)VI. biocontrola. biological controlb. cactus moths and the prickly pearc. biocontrol agents may become pestsd. bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)VII. integrated pest management (IPM)Outline of Current Lecture VIII. genetic engineering vs. agricultural breedinga. traditional breedingb. genetic engineeringIX. how are plants genetically engineereda. 1. DNA isolationb. 2. Gene cloningc. 3. Gene designd. 4. Transformatione. 5. Plant breedingX. development of Bt corn (applying the steps)XI. biotechnology and our worldXII. Examples of GMOsXIII. Advantages of GM cropsXIV.Common questions on GM cropsXV. IPMa. Indonesia and rice incidentXVI. Sustainable-agriculture mimics natural ecosystemsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Current Lecture- What is genetic engineering?- What is the difference between genetic engineering and agricultural breeding (artificial selection)?- Genetic engineering vs. agricultural breedingo Traditional breeding= changes organisms through selective breeding of the same or similar species Works with organisms in the field Genes come together on their own Uses the process of selectiono Genetic engineering= mixes genes of different species Works with genetic material in the lab Directly creates novel combinations of genes Resembles the process of mutation- How are plants genetically engineered?o Crop genetic engineering includes: 1.DNA isolation 2.Gene cloning 3.Gene design 4.Transformation 5.Plant breedingo Development of Bt corn- find a gene of interest The first step of the genetic engineering process is DNA extraction- All the DNA from the organism is extracted at once- This means the sample of DNA extracted from the Bacillus thuingiensis bacteria will contain the gene for the Bt protein, but also all of the other bacterium’s genes The second step of the genetic engineering process= gene cloning- Single gene of interest is separated from the rest of the genes extracted and copied Step 3= gene design- Designing the gene to work once inside a different organism- Done in test tube by cutting gene apart with enzymes and replacing certain regions- The first Bt gene released was designed to produce a lethal level of Bt protein to the European corn borer and to only produce the Bt protein in green tissues of the corn plant (stems, leaves, ect.). later, Bt genes were designed to produce the lethal level of protein in all tissues of a corn plant (leaves, stems, tassel, ear, roots, ect.) Step 4= transformation of gene insertion- The new gene is inserted into some of the cells in a tissue culture using various techniques. Common methods:o Gene gun (shoots gene coated, microscopic gold particles at plant cells to deliver the DNA into the nucleus)o Agrobacterium tumifaciens= gene is transferred into this bacterium which infects plants- Transformed plant cells are then regenerated into transgenic plants where the inherited transgene is collected Step 5= backcross breeding- Transgenic plants crossed with elite breeding lines using traditional plantbreeding methods to combine the desired traits of elite parents and the transgene into a single line- Offspring repeatedly crossed back to elite line to obtain high yielding transgenic line.- Result= plant with yield potential close to current hybrids that expresses the trait encoded by the new transgene- Biotechnology and our worldo We know it is possible to genetically engineer plants to: Change the product in some way (add a gene to produce vitamine A for instance) Incorp. Production of insecticide in plant DNA (“Bt” gene routinely used in cotton, corn, canola, and other crops) Incorp. Resistance to herbicides such as “roundup” (glyphosate)- Examples of GMOso Grapple= apple + grapeo Golden rice= white rice + beta caroteneo Glofish= zebra fish + DNA from bioluminescent jellyfish- Advantages of GM cropso It is possible to increase nutritional content (golden rice)… drought resistance (corn)- nature articleo Increased agricultural efficiency Less tillage of soil needed (weed control is through herbicide resistance)- Carbon is sequestered in soil due to less tillage (Decrease in OM loss)- Reduces carbon emissions (tractor fuels)o Disease and pest resistance Most GM crops are herbicide resistant Less pesticide required to grow the crop (safer for farm workers)- Common questions on GM cropso Harmful to human health? Seralini et al. study on rats and roundupo Harmful to other species? E.g. monarch butterflieso Pests can evolve resistance (Bt corn-Bt resistance populations of bollworm, “roundup” resistant weedso Genetically engineered bacteria constructed to produce insulino Propane from bacteria- Integrated Pest Management (IPM)o Scientifically based, world wide standard for managing pests. Encourages the sue of multiple and flexible strategies for the control of insects, weeds, rodents and other vertebrates and plant, animal and human diseases.o Indonesia= subsidized pesticide use heavily Became aware pesticides were killing natural enemies of brown plant hopper (can wipe out rice) Determined that pesticide subsidies were costing $ causing pollution, decreasingyields After pesticide production was cut in half, subsidies phased out, and the rice yield increased by 13%o To date: 1 million farmers have been trained in farmer field schools- approach has spread to dozens of other nations- Sustainable agriculture mimics natural ecosystemso Small-scale Japanese farmers add ducks to rice fields  ducks eat weeds, insects, snails waste= fertilizer paddling oxygenates the water fish and ferns provide food and