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KU PSYC 350 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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PSYC 350 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7-12Lecture 7 (2/12)-Dissociative amnesia-simple loss of memory due to psychological reasons like stress-Dissociative fugue-completely forgetting who you are and making a new identity, physical cause-Dissociative identity disorder-the person has many personalities that operate independently, also called multiple personality disorder-Depersonalization disorder-feeling mentally dethatched from the body-30% of people experience these problems-It's only a disorder if it interferes with your daily life-Dissociation is another word for repression-Identity disorder is really due to suggestion, people just think they have multiple personalities Lecture 8 (2/17)-Clinical depression is a widespread and serious problem.-Occurs in around 20% of women and 10% of men.-Four major symptoms listed in the DSM:-Mood: thoughts of worthlessness, hopelessness, and loss of interest.-Memory: trouble concentrating and slowed-down thought process.-Physical: weight either drastically goes up or down, irregular sleep patterns, fatigue.-Thoughts: suicidal thoughts, "I'm better off dead," "Nobody wants me here, I should just go away."-All of these functions are controlled by the hypothalamus-Masked depression-a person has all the depression symptoms but misdiagnoses it as a physical illness. Mike Wallace case.-Hallucinations and delusions are common.-Depression often occurs in children, onset is in early adolescents or early adulthood. It happens in cycles.-Major Depressive Disorder has at least two depressive episodes that last long enough with enough symptoms to disrupt the ability to function.-Dysthymic disorder is a lower level of MDD, only two symptoms are necessary, people use the phrase 'not happy' instead of 'depressed' and blame it on situational factors.-Postpartum depression has the same symptoms as MDD but occurs within one month after childbirth. Victims have trouble bonding with the child and may be suicidal. Andrea Yates drowned all 5 of her children and was imprisoned.-Depression is more common in women because women are more prone to stress and estrogen has a different response to stress on them.-Hormonal changes in early adulthood make depression more likely-Higher depression rates are in lower social classes because they face more stress financially, socially, and healthfully.-Differences in cultures are usually doe to differences in stress and diet-Stress decreases the serotonin level. Lecture 9 (2/19)-Seasonal Affective Disorder-mood changes with the seasons, same symptoms as MDD, depressions falls from summer to fall and rises from winter to spring.-Premenstrual dysphoric disorder-depression associated with the menstrual cycle in women, very common, some women cope with it better than others, some argue it shouldbe listed in the DSM.-Psychotherapy is interpersonal therapy where people get help in finding solutions.-The cognitive approach says that depression is due to incorrect beliefs about your self that stem from bad early experiences. Early research supports this, you'll feel down after watching a sad movie.-Cognitive styles-the tendencies to blame yourself and expect that one negative event will lead to another.-Cognitive behavior therapy, or CBT, corrects beliefs and is effective in about 60% of patients.-CBT can change brain activity responsible for attention, reward seeking, and emotion monitoring.-CBT is most effective for mild to moderate depression.-The physiological approach says depression is due to underactivity in the brain structures responsible for mood, low levels of neurotransmitters.-Norepinephrine and serotonin are the two hormones in the hypothalamus that cause depression when they are too low.-The hypothalamus controls sleep, appetite, sex, and mood all of which impact depression level.-Thinking occurs in the frontal lobes which slows down when the nerve tracts don't pass enough serotonin.-Tryptophan is converted into serotonin, so it is encouraged to have a balanced tryptophan diet.-Antidepressant drugs help to increase serotonin levels, but they take several weeks to work and people tend to stop taking them because they think they're defective.-Receptor sites take a while to be 'recharged.'-Dopamine is the neurotransmitter in the pleasure center of the brain and regulates pleasure.-60% of the brain is omega-3 fatty acids-Omega-3 explains the link between depression and heart attacks, more of it reduces depression and the risk of a heart attack.-Strokes in the left prefrontal cortex increase chance of prolonged depression.-There is a very high risk of depression if you have a family history of it.-Serotonin is released by the presynaptic neuron.-St. John's Wort is an over-the-counter drug that allegedly treats depression. Some say it's better because it is plant-based, but it's not that strong.-Tricyclists block the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Lecture 10 (2/24)-Bipolar disorder has alternating episodes of mania and depression.-Mania-euphoria, irritability, self-esteem, fast thought process. You feel wonderful and don't realize that you're ill.-Hypomania is a low level of mania that precedes the high level.-Rapid cycling-going between mania and depression within minutes.-Mixed state-you feel depressed and manic at the same time, impossible to function.-Bipolar is equally common in both genders-People are more creative than normal when they're manic-Unstable brain activity is the physiological cause-The biggest cause is genetics. You are 10x more likely to be bipolar if you have an immediate relative with it.-NRG1 is the gene responsible.-Lithium is a mood stabilizer that is commonly used as treatment, but it has side effects like shaking.-Anticonvulsants are not approved to treat bipolar, mainly epilepsy, but it is used for bipolar anyway and doesn't have serious side effects.-Antipsychotics help ease delusions-The problem with drug treatment is that one drug won't work forever because the brain function is constantly changing.-Bipolar patients tend to stop taking medication because they feel better, hate the side effects, or miss the mania high.-ECT, electroconvulsive therapy, a cheap treatment that only works sometimes. Lecture 11 (2/26)-Momo Amine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI's) reduce the destruction of serotonin-MAOI's can cause strokes when combined with tyramine which is found in many common foods and medications.-Atypical antidepressants increase dopamine in the pleasure center and does not


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KU PSYC 350 - Exam 2 Study Guide

Course: Psyc 350-
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