Phil 202 1st EditionLecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. What is Knowledge?II. Belief vs. FictionIII. Custom and HabitsOutline of Current Lecture I. Necessary ConditionII. CausalityIII. LibertyCurrent LectureI. Necessary Condition- Mathematical Philosophy: Clear but goes too far/deep- Moral Philosophy: Unclear, ex: Causality, freedomo Filled with empty words, ex: force, powero Ex: Why does Opium make me sleep? – Because of its dormitive powers. (“dormitive powers” is empty, doesn’t really say anything)- This applies to words such as “must” and “necessity.” These words are too strong and thus, don’t offer anything.- Hume says there is no impression that necessary condition provides.- There is no necessary connection between mind and body to get impressions.- Instead of being necessarily connected, they are constantly conjoined.II. Causality- Three Definitions of Causality:1) Whenever X happens, Y seems to happen. They are conjoined. 2) If the first object had not been, the second would not have existed. These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. This is stronger than #1.b. This is called the counterfactual condition.3) A cause is what makes something happen. - When you say something is connected, you only say that because of repetition. Rather, itis just constant. III. Liberty- Liberty – what you are able to do- Freedom – spontaneous, metaphysical, will, self-cause; to act on will without being prevented.- Hume does not think we are free because human behavior can be measured/predicted.o Social science = natural scienceo We rely on predictability in economics. - Necessity is opposed to chance, not freedom. - Liberty vs. Constant Conjunction- If an argument leads to absurdity, it is a bad argument. Bad consequences do not. - People in jail do not have liberty.- Freedom can lead to immorality.o Morality of actions are determined by characters rather than isolated
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