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UConn PSYC 1103 - Personality

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PSYCH 1103 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. DefinitionII. Psychodynamic Theorya. Sigmund FreudIII. Ego Defense Mechanismsa. Repression b. Rationalization c. Projection d. Compensation e. Reaction formation f. Displacement IV. Developmental Stages a. Oral stageb. Anal stagec. Phallic staged. Latency periode. Genital stagef. Fixations V. Neo-Freudiansa. Carl Jung Outline of Current Lecture I. Neo-Freudians a. Karen Horney II. Critical evaluation of psychodynamic approach a. Positives b. Negatives III. Trait approaches IV. Trait theories a. Gordon Allport b. Paul Costa and Robert McCrae c. Big-Five Model d. Biological trait theories V. Critical evaluation of trait theories a. Positives b. Negatives VI. Social-cognitive theories a. Julian RotterCurrent LectureI. Neo-Freudians a. Karen Horneyi. Trained as a psychoanalystii. Developed alternative conception of phallic stage 1. Men: womb envy a. Girls were the ones capable of reproducing 2. Women’s occasional feeling of inferiority (circa 1940s) from political cultural bias iii. Part of a larger feminist critique of Freudian psychology II. Critical evaluation of psychodynamic approach a. Positives i. Hugely influential 1. In many domains ii. Useful description of many aspects of ego-defense iii. Emphasis on unconscious mind b. Negativesi. Lack of scientific rigor 1. Case studies 2. No developmental data3. Biased interpretations ii. Overemphasis on sexuality iii. Failure to consider females III. Trait approachesa. Dimensions in personality space i. Dimensions are where you can have a continuum b. Traits are relatively stable in time c. Traits are relatively stable over situations d. Traits are continuous and combinations are unique IV. Trait theories a. Gordon Allport i. Had hierarchal idea of traits ii. Central traits 1. Big traits2. Organize and control behavior across a wide range of situations 3. Dimensional iii. Secondary traits 1. Describe specific behaviors 2. Idiosyncratic b. Paul Costa and Robert McCraei. The Big-Five model 1. Statistical reduction of many related traits to 5 factorsa. Asking people how they behave in certain situations and from that count how many and whatdimensions are there b. Each factor is a personality dimension c. Dominant trait approach currently d. Validated across a wide range of cultures c. Big-Five Modeli. Openness to experience 1. Curious, artistic, creative vs. cautious, reserved ii. Conscientiousness1. Efficient, self-disciplined vs. careless, easy-going iii. Extroversion 1. Active, outgoing, gregarious vs. solitary, not seeking social relations iv. Agreeableness 1. Friendly, compassionate vs. antagonistic, emotionally, cold v. Neuroticism 1. Unpleasant vs. pleasant emotionality d. Biological trait theoriesi. Hans Eysenck 1. Two main factors a. Introversion-extroversion b. Emotional-stability 2. Proposed differences due to physiology of nervous system a. Deviations from optimal level of arousal i. Overaroused: introverts ii. Uneraroused: extroverts b. Sensitivity to stress i. Oversensitive: emotionalii. Insensitive: stableii. Jeffrey Gray1. Approach-inhibition theory a. Behavioral approach system i. Brain regions that affect sensitivity to rewards ii. “Go” system, governs impulsivity iii. Associated with positive emotions b. Behavioral inhibition system i. Brain regions that affect sensitivity to punishment ii. “Stop” system, governs fearfulness iii. Associated with negative emotions c. Sensitive BAS and insensitive BIS vs. insensitive BAS and sensitive BISV. Critical evaluation of trait theoriesa. Positives i. Dimensions of personality hold across culturesii. Traits predict behavioriii. Agnostic with regards to sources of personality differences b. Negativesi. Trait theories only describe 1. Name the phenomena ii. No explanation of how traits emerge iii. No explanation of how traits fit into theory of individual 1. Effects of situation, biology, culture VI. Social-cognitive theories a. Julian Rotter i. Expectancy Theory 1. Personality as an interaction a. Person x environment 2. Learning creates expectancies a. Expectancy i. What will happen when I do X? b. Reinforcement value i. Valence of X 3. Behavior potential a. BP = f(E, RV)i. f = function ofii. E = what’s expectediii. RV = reinforcement value 4. Maximize BP ii. Locus of control 1. Generalized expectancy a. Degree to which I can control the environment 2. Internals a. What happens in the world is cause of me b. Have control of thingsc. Attribute events to own actions 3. Externals a. Believe they’re not in control of things that happen to them b. Attribute events to


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UConn PSYC 1103 - Personality

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