PSY 200 1st Edition Lecture 11Outline of Last Lecture I. Introduction to pregnancy and prenatal developmentII. Threats to developmentIII. Infant developmentIV. Theoretical considerations of infancyOutline of Current Lecture I. AttachmentII. Researchers of attachmentIII. Researchers and theories connection to attachmentCurrent LectureI. Attachment- Attachment is a bi-directional, emotional bond between an infant and their primary caregiver, typically the mother. There are different classifications of attachment. Secure attachment is a secure base provided for the infant by a sensitive and consistent caregiver. Infant explores when the caregiver is present, cries when caregiver leaves and is comforted and returns to playing when the caregiver returns. Secure attachments are associated with numerous long-term benefits such as more positive self-image, more positive social behaviors, increased sociability and socio-metric scores, and more positive adult relationships with significant others. Then there is insecure: anxious-avoidant attachment which is the rejection or self-focus of a caregiver. The infant shows no reaction to the caregiver leaving or returning and does not engage in exploration. Insecure: anxious-ambivalent/resistant attachment is when the caregiver is disengaged or inconsistent with the infant. This leads the infant to be distressed when the caregiver leaves but is not comforted when the caregiver returns and the infant shows no emotion or anger. Lastly, there is disorganized attachment which is when the caregiver is depressed and/or abusive towards theinfant. This leads the infant to appear apprehensive and shows contradictory stereotyped behavior. - The formation of attachment is formed in three stages. The first stages occurs at birth when the infant acquires a preference for and behavior toward other human figures. The nest stage occurs after 3 months when the infant learns to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people. They seek only the caregiversThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.familiar to them. The last stage occurs after 6 months when the infant is able to monitor their caregiver’s whereabouts. - There are two different adaptations for attachment. The first one are the caregiver EPMs which is the ability to distinguish between a babies four differenttypes of crying and being able to recognize which each one means. The infant EPMs includes the preference for species-specific faces and speech. Also the ability to distinguish and preference for their caregivers, such as their voice, smellor face. There are other adaptations that the infant acquires as they grow older. After 12 months the baby develops stranger anxiety. At about 13-15 months the infant develops separation anxiety from their caregivers. Also, social referencing improves as the infant is in their second year. II. Researchers of attachment- Researcher Bowlby created the attachment theory with four major tenets. In thefirst few years of life, children form emotional attachments to their primary caregiver. Strength and quality of the attachment depends upon the sensitivity and responsiveness of the caregivers to the child’s needs. Once attached, children show preference for their caregivers over others. Lastly, the attachment contributes to the future emotional and personality development of the child. Bowlby also concluded that once attachments are formed, children should demonstrate three characteristics. One, a preference for caregivers over strangers. Two, proximity-seeking behaviors during times of distress. Lastly, a secure base behavior during exploration. - Researcher Ainsworth created a design that allowed for observation of these attachment behaviors. He created what was known as the “Strange Situation”. He had a mother bring in her child, a stranger played with the infant as the mother left. The infant displayed exploration behavior, separation behavior whenthe mother leaves, stranger anxiety when she was alone with the stranger, and reunion behavior. III. Researchers and theories connection to attachment- Lorenz studied the idea of imprinting in geese. Imprinting is a type of adaptation that allows young animals to maintain in close proximity to their parents. These young animals have innate instinctive responses to auditory and/or visual stimuli.Lorenz was able to make young geese follow him instead of their mother throughthis idea of imprinting. - Researchers Harlow and Zimmerman explored the idea that in order for healthy development to occur, humans must experience attachment sometime in theiryoung life. They concluded that social needs can be of more importance than physical needs. - The evolutionary perspective explains how humans are biologically motivated to seek security and safety. This explains how infants are dependent on their primary caregiver and therefore develop a special relationship, or attachment, with that individual. This theory attempts to explain the purpose of attachment adaptations through the proximity between infant and caregiver reinforcing feeding, care and protective behaviors. - Frued’s psychosexual oral stage encompasses the infant having an immature understand of self-versus others. This stage includes attachment in several ways. The infant forms an important bond with their mother while they are nursing. This bond is reinforced by libidinal impulses which are satisfied by the oral pleasure of breastfeeding. Weaning is the crisis to overcome because the infant and mother relationship has now shifted. This shift can cause potential to fixate results in maladaptive oral behaviors. Erikson’s Trust vs. Mistrust stage explains how infants must learn who they can trust. Prenatally and for the first years of life, children are completely dependent on their caregivers. At birth, the infant’s world suddenly becomes less secure which leads to their need for a caregiver. There is emphasis on having a caring and consistent caregiver. The experience growing up with a caregiver determines whether the child approaches the world with hope or