ZOOL 4133 1st Edition Lecture 12Sexual Selection III. Intrasexual vs. intersexuala. These are not mutually exclusiveIntersexual selection: female choiceII. Red-collared widowbirda. Females prefer males with longer tails, but long tails take more energy to makeIII. Gray tree froga. Females prefer longer male-callsIV. Female choicea. Females show preference for particular male display traitsb. Males that have the preferred trait values have the highest reproductive successc. Females are picky and can drive the development and evolution of male display traitsV. Modes of female choicea. “preferences are unrelated to female fitnessb. Preferences reflect preexisting sensory biasc. Direct benefitsi. Preferences depend on male resourcesd. Good genesi. Preferences depend on male genetic “quality”VI. Female preferences are subjectivea. There is genetic correlation between traits and preferenceb. Males inherit father’s trait valuesc. Females inherit mother’s preferenced. Preference and trait are at equilibrium when the population mean preference matches the population mean displaye. Females may prefer traits that decrease male survivalVII. What happens if trait or preference is displaced from equilibrium?a. The population will not evolveVIII. Is there a genetic correlation between male trait and female preference?a. Stalk-eyed fliesi. Females from the short stalk lines preferred males that also had short stalksb. Hawaiian cricketi. Female preference and male display of pulse rate correlated across the populationsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.IX. Female partiality reflects an already existing sensory biasa. Systems utilized for sensory in regards to mate choice have other functions, such as predation and prey detectionb. Sensory systems are “tuned” by natural selectionc. Preexisting sensory bias can be exploited by traits used in mate attractiond. Water mitesi. Vibrations are used to sense copepods (prey)ii. Hungry females are attracted by male water mites’ leg-trembling in frequency range of copepodsiii. When females respond to copepods, males sneakily inject spermatophoreX. Direct benefits: male resources drive preferencesa. Females are attracted by males with preyb. Females accept the gift and eat while copulating i. Ex- hanging fliesc. Larger prey = longer copulationd. Longer copulation period results in more sperm transferredXI. Indirect benefits: “good genes”a. Male display traits are indicators or high quality (healthy)b. Quality is heritablei. Results in fitter offspringEvolution of social behaviorXII. Four main types of social interactionsa. “mutual benefitb. Selfishnessc. Altruismd. Spite”XIII. Mutuala. Fitness of actor and recipient are both increasedXIV.Selfishnessa. Actor benefits while recipient losesXV. Altruisma. Recipient benefits at expense of actorXVI. Spitea. All