Chem 102 1st Edition Lecture 12 Outline of Last Lecture I. Study GuideOutline of Current Lecture II. 4.1 - The Carbonyl GroupIII. 4.2 - Compounds Containing Carbonyl GroupIV. 4.3 - The Aldehyde and Ketone Functional GroupsV. 4.4 - Nomenclature for AldehydesCurrent Lecture4.1 - The Carbonyl Group• Carbonyl group: A carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom• Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl functional group • C=O bond is polar (oxygen gets partial negative and carbon gets partial positive charge); on the other hand C=C is non polar • All carbonyl groups have a trigonal planar structure 4.2 Compounds Containing Carbonyl GroupThere are five groups of carbonyl containing compounds: 1. Aldehydes: Carbonyl carbon is bonded to at least one H 2. Ketones: Carbonyl carbon is bonded to two other carbon atoms 3. Carboxylic acids: carbonyl carbon bonded to a hydroxyl group 4. Esters: carbonyl carbon bonded to an oxygen atom 5. Amides: carbonyl carbon bonded to a nitrogen atom 4.3 The Aldehyde and Ketone Functional Groups• Aldehyde functional group: carbonyl attached to a H • Ketone functional group: carbonyl attached to two other carbon atoms • Cyclic aldehydes are not possible but cyclic ketones are known• Cyclic ketones are not heterocyclic ring systems 4.4 Nomenclature for AldehydesIUPAC Rules Rule 1: Select as the parent carbon chain the longest carbon chain that includes the carbon atom of the carbonyl group. Rule 2: Name the parent chain by changing the “-e” ending of the corresponding alkane name to “-al.” Rule 3: Number the parent chain by assigning the number 1 to the carbonyl carbon atom of the aldehydegroup. Rule 4: Determine the identity and location of any substituents, and append this information to the frontof the parent chain
View Full Document