AST 115 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I. Details on MercuryII. Details on VenusIII. Details on MarsOutline of Current Lecture Chapter 7: The Outer Planets and Their MoonsI. Details on JupiterII. Details on SaturnIII. Discovery of UranusIV. Discovery of NeptuneV. Discovery of PlutoVI. Details on UranusVII. Details on NeptuneVIII. Satellites of the Solar SystemIX. Ring Systems of the JoviansChapter 8: Dwarf Planets and Small Solar System BodiesI. Dwarf Planetsa. Plutoi. Physical Propertiesii. Revolution/Rotationb. CeresII. Small Solar-System Bodiesa. Asteroidsi. Spacecraft Visitsb. Cometsi. Halley’s Cometii. Collisions with Planetsiii. Origin of the Cometsc. Meteoroids, Meteors, and Meteoritesi. Types of MeteoritesIII. Contrasting Asteroids with CometsCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.Chapter 7: The Outer Planets and Their Moons Jupitero Revolution/Rotation- 12 years to orbit the Sun one time- Rotates in just 10 hourso Atmosphere- Clouds are drawn out into light and dark stripes that are parallel to the equator.- Many white and brown ovals are visible. The largest visible oval is the Great Red Spot (about 2 times the size of Earth).- The Great Red Spot is believed to be a huge hurricane-like storm on Jupiter.o Interior- Made up of mostly H (hydrogen)- Outer mantle is liquid H- Inner mantle is liquid metallic H- Core may consist of “ices” and rocko Magnetosphere- Jupiter is ideal for the production of a magnetic field: Fast rotation Fluid interior Metallic H - Makes the largest and strongest magnetic field of all of the planetso Jupiter’s Galilean Satellites- Io and Europa are about the size of Earth’s Moon.- Ganymede and Callisto are about the size of Mercury.- Ganymede is the largest satellite in our solar system.- Io has active volcanoes that change its surface continually. Sulfur components coat its surface with a variety of colors. Energy to melt the interior rock into lava must come from tidal effects on Io due to Jupiter and the other Galilean satellites.- Europa’s cracked icy crust is reminiscent of Earth’s polar ice. There may bea liquid water ocean dozens of km thick beneath a few km of ice.- Ganymede and Callisto have low densities and probably have significant amounts of water/ice inside their interiors.- Ganymede has a varied surface with old cratered sections.- Callisto’s surface is covered with ancient craters. There has been little geological activity for the past about 4 billion years.o Jupiter’s rings- Jupiter has 3 rings. It has not yet been discovered what these rings are made up of. Saturno Revolution/Rotation- About 29.5 years to orbit the Sun one time- About 10.6 hours to rotate on axis one timeo Atmosphere- Similar to Jupiter, but Saturn’s clouds are less distinct.- Made up of mostly Hydrogen.- Has a similar atmosphere to Jupiter, but Saturn’s atmosphere contains more H.o Interior- Similar to Jupiter’s interior.o Saturn’s Satellites- Titan  Titan has a substantial atmosphere:1. Made up of mainly nitrogen gas2. Pressure is about 1.5 bar3. Extremely cold (-290˚F) About 10% of its atmosphere consists of methane and other hydrocarbons. In 2005, Huygens probe separated from the Cassini probe and made a soft landing on the surface of Titan and radioed back images. The rounded rocks have been smoothed by flows of liquid methane and ethane in streams.- Enceladus In 2006, scientists discovered eruptions from this moon. They believed these eruptions to be water geysers.o Saturn’s Rings- The traditional 3 ring system seen from Earth has been resolved into multitudes of smaller ringlets, including the outer F-ring.- Patterns of small pieces of ice or ice-coated rock make up Saturn’s rings.- Voyager probe in 1980 showed radial dark streaks known as “spokes” on Saturn’s rings. Discovery of Uranuso In 1781, William Herschel accidentally discovered Uranus while making star charts through a telescope. - He wanted to name the newly discovered planet after the King of England, “Georgium Sidus”.  Discovery of Neptuneo In 1846, Adams/Leverrier/Galle, discovered Neptune based on a mathematical prediction. The credit to this discovery is controversial. Discovery of Plutoo In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto after a methodical photograph search. Uranuso Revolution/Rotation- Uranus takes about 84 years to orbit around the Sun one time.- Takes about 17.24 hours to make a complete rotation.o Atmosphere- Made up of mostly H- Featureless- Blue (due to trace amounts of methane in atmosphere)- Gaseous atmosphereo Interior- “Ice giant”- Rocky core- Highly compressed water “inner mantle”- Liquid hydrogen/helium “outer mantle”o Magnetic field- Comparable in strength to Earth’s magnetic field.- Uranus is the planet with the greatest tilt in our solar system. Its axis to point almost directly at the Sun. This causes very extreme seasonal cycles.o Uranus’s Satellites- Miranda Smallest and innermost of Uranus’s satellites. Orbit is perpendicular to the ecliptic and shares Uranus’s extreme seasonal cycle. About 300 miles across Surface may be mostly water and ice; strange mixture of surface types. Has a sheer cliff that is about 20 km (10 miles) tall.o Uranus’s Rings- System of rings that are intermediate in complexity.- 13 rings have been discovered that are composed of mostly materials thatare dust-like. Neptuneo Revolution/Rotation- Takes about 165 years to orbit around the Sun one time- Takes about 16.1 hours to make one full rotationo Atmosphere- Blue-green colored atmosphere- Neptune’s atmosphere has some features, The Great Dark Spot and whitemethane cirrus clouds.o Interior- “Ice giant”- Rocky core- Highly compressed water “inner mantle”- Liquid hydrogen/helium “outer mantle”o Magnetic field- Comparable in strength to Earth’s magnetic fieldo Neptune’s Satellites- Triton Largest moon of Neptune Only moon in our solar system with a retrograde orbit About 2,700 km (1,700 miles) in diameter, but has low pressure. Surface of mostly frozen nitrogen and a mostly water/ice crust Icy mantle and substantial core of rock and metal Nitrogen atmosphereo Neptune’s Rings- Neptune has 5 rings and 4 partial rings, also known as “arcs”.- Made of very dark material, similar to