MC 101 1st Edition Lecture 12Outline of Last Lecture 1. The Star System 2. The Golden Age3. Global Dimensions4. Production 5. The People in the Credits6. Distribution 7. Domestic Theatrical 8. ExhibitionOutline of Current Lecture 1. TV numbers2. Development of technical standards3. Channel Allocation 4. Classic Programs and Growth 5. Enter Cable 6. Emerging Networks 7. New Technologies 8. Basic Cable 9. Satellite 10. Broadcast Local 11. Broadcast networks 12. Broadcast independents, groups 13. Program providers & syndication 14. Public TV15. The Ratings16. Controversies Current LectureColleen MC 1013/2/2015Chapter 9: Television These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.TV Numbers TEST- TV accounts for 29% of the media industry revenues in US - Broadcast, cable and satellite - On average, each US home has 2 sets - On average, US TVs on 8 hours a day - Average person watches 4.5 hours per day in US Early Technology - 1927: Philo T. Farnsworth: developed system for transforming visual image into an electronic signal: 60 lines in picture TEST- RCA and David Sarnoff hire Vladimir Zworkin TEST; completed a working model for a similar system; Farnsworth lawsuits with RCA, gets $1 million Development of Technical Standards TEST- Early TV’s very expensive - Fights over patents and potential profits - Some want B&W, other want to perfect color - Patients about lines of resolution: rows of lighted dots, or pixels that make up a TV picture image; pixel; lighted dots that create a TV Image- 1941; government and industry agree on B&W, 525 lines of resolution, 30 frames per second TESTWWII and Post War - War stops TV, emphasis or radio - End of war, not an industry rush to TV, but consumer demand grows - $ Into equipment, weak product- 1948: Sales increase 500%, viewership rose 4,000% Channel Allocation TEST- Channel allocation is the placement of assigned sports on the electromagnetic spectrum to individual broadcast stationsTEST- FCC charged with job, every community at lease one channel, no overlap or interfering channels - Freeze from 1948-1952 on license applications- 1948-1952 number of sets purchased rose from 250,000 to 17 million, 108 stations in US Rise of Network- At beginning there were 4 networks: NBC, CBS, ABC, and Dumont - Affiliates: Local stations that have a contractual relationship with the networks by are not ownedby the networks; network gets audience, affiliate gets programming - Dumont didn’t have affiliate structure of the other’s ratio networks: talent, shows, management,ads; Dumont became nucleus of Metromedia TV, later Fox network TEST- Co-axial cable; stations not connected by cable had to run kinescopes of network programming (poor quality films taken from TV monitors in the network studios) TV’s Golden Age: 1948-1958- AT&T hook networks to affiliates in 1951- Time of good dramatic programming - Quality dramas needed to attract wealthy, educated viewers who could afford TVs - Programming from NY, use Broadway talent - Most early TV was live: no videotape, filming expensive - Golden Age actually has lot of low quality diversity, stereotype representation Entrance of Movie Studios - Movies fear TV won’t let showing of recent movies - 1954: Walt Disney associate his name with TV, horizontal integration - 1955: Warner Brothers produce “Cheyenne” for ABC- All major film studios start producing TV as well as movies Classic Programs and Growth TEST- Economic Golden Age: 1960 to 1980- Classic Shows (see next slide) - 1964: ABC first color movie, “Bridge Over the River Kwai” TESTA Brief History of Television - Classic Prime Time Enter Cable TEST- Community Antenna TV (CATV); The First cable TV systems, designed to give viewers in hard to reach areas satisfactory reception from their nearest broadcast stations - Appliance dealers set antenna on hilltop - CATV became cable TV in 19970s when it began to offer additional signals from distant stations, a service called importation - First FCC rule for cable: couldn’t duplicate network programming on same day as aired on network- Must Carry Rules: Cable systems had to carry all local television stations within each system’s area of coverage- 1970-1990: 10% of homes wired to 60% of homes wired; today about 64-70% of homes receive cable - Time Inc.’s HBO was the first pay cable service Emerging Networks TEST- FOX: 1985 Robert Murdoch, purchase 20th Century Fox studios and Metromedia chain of independent TV stations TEST- 10 years later: Simpson’s, 90210, NFL games, earn more per program than CBS or ABC, and quickly catching up to NBC- WB and UPN start in 1995, merge now CW Video Formats - 1956 Ampex, first VTR (video tape recorder; reel-to-reel); RCA introduce version; not compatible with ampex- 1957: RCA and Ampex combine patents; Video Tape Recorder (VTR) - 1975: Sony Betamax Videocassette Recorder (VCR); use cassette recording; 1976 JVC Video Home System (VHS) VCR Effects - Time shifting: recording of TV program for playback at some later Xme- Zapping: cut commercial • Zipping: speed through commercial - Ad effects: Web-style banner ads? - 1983 Sony Betamax Case: Video recording for private use was not copyright infringement Other Video Formats - 1980s: camcorders: video surveillance - EX. Rodney King • DVDs 1996: quality of CDs with popularity of video - DVRs: Specialized computers with oversized hard drives on which video signals are saved; TiVo - Cell phone recording New Technologies TEST- Broadcast TV networks compete with newer technologies, including cable, satellite, on-demand video, video games and the Internet - Broadcast TV industry changeover to digital (June 2009), high-definition TV - HDTV: 1080 or 720 lines (p=progressive or i=interlaced scanning) of resolution instead of 525 TEST- Economies of scale - Online TV: VOD; “TV everywhere” Delivery Systems - The Cable Industry - Alternative Delivery Systems: Satellite - Broadcast TelevisionCable- Today run by Multiple System Operators (MSOs): companies that own several local cable service providers, usually in different areas of the country. Usually owned by large communication corporations like Time-Warner or Comcast - Reach franchise agreement with local government, which gets a small percentage. Some governments require access channels. - Issue of minimal competition; changing Basic Cable TEST-