BZ 110 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. Population and Gene Pools (5.1)II. Population genetics (5.2)III. Evolutionary mechanisms (5.3)Outline of Current Lecture I. Introduction to chapter 6II. Abiotic features of an environment (6.1)III. Biotic factors (6.2)IV. Interspecific interactions (6.3)Current LectureI. Introduction to chapter 6- Ecology: the study of relationships of organisms to their environment and to other organisms- Habitat: includes all the living (Biotic) and non-living (abiotic) characteristics of an area in which an animal livesII. Abiotic features of an environment (6.1)- Abiotic characteristics of a habitat:o Availability of oxygen and other moleculeso Temperatureo Moistureo Light o Soilo A combination of abiotic factors are necessary for an animal to survive and reproduce- Tolerance range: for any environment animals live within a certain range of valueso at either limit of this range, one or more essential functions aren’t available, this is the limiting factor- Range of optimum: conditions where an animal is most successfulThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o- Taxis: the animals response to an abiotic factor, where it locates itself in response to the factor.- Energy: ability to do worko Heterotropic: animals energy supply through ingesting other organismso Autotropic: energy through photosynthesis or other carbon-fixing activities- Energy budget: Animals total energy intake and description of how they use and loseenergyo Total energy contained in the food is an animal’s gross energy intakeo Survival is dependent that the individual can gain enough energy to supply it to liveo Favorable energy budgets may be difficult to attain, especially in temperatureregions that makes food supplies scaresoIII. Biotic factors (6.2)- Biotic characteristics of a habitat include:o Interactions with individuals of the same species as well as interactions with other organisms- Population growth:o Populations: groups of individuals of the same species that occupy a given area at the same time and have unique attributes- Important attributes:o Potential for population growth Exponential growth o Limits that the environment places on a population grown- Population regulation: Population density and competition affect populations- Population density has 2 factors:o Density- independent factors: influence number of animals without regard tothe number of individuals per unit space (density) Weather conditions Human activitieso Density- dependent factors: more severe when the populations density is high or sometimes too low Competition for resources Disease Predation- Intraspecific competition: competition among members of the same speciesIV. Interspecific interactions (6.3)- Intraspecific interactions: when organisms of different species compete for the same resources, one may be forced to move or become extinct or the 2 species may coexist and share the resources- Members of other species can affect characteristics of a populationo Competition o Herbivoryo Predationo Coevolutiono Symbiosis- Interactions between plants and herbivores and predators and pray are often complex- Coevolution: each party of coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting others’ evolutiono Example: flowering plants and their animal pollinators- Symbiosis: individuals of different species living in continuing, intimate associationso Parasitismo Commensalismo Mutialism- Other interspecific adaptions:o Camouflage Cryptic coloration- animal takes on color pattern in its environment to prevent the animals from being seen by other animalso Warming (aposematic collation)- animal advertises that its dangerous through its colorationo Mimicry- when a species resembles other species and are protected by their
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