BSC 101 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. Section 5.2: Scales of InteractionsII. Section 5.3: How Organisms Interacta. Competitionb. Keystone Speciesc. Mutualismd. Commensalisme. ParasitismOutline of Current Lecture I. Section 5.4: Energy and Ecosystemsa. Trophic Levelsb. Food Chainsc. Food Webd. Energy PyramidII. Section 5.5: Interactions in Social Groups Increase Fitnessa. Communicationb. Dominance HierarchyCurrent LectureSection 5.4: Energy and EcosystemsTrophic Level: the level an organism is on the food chain/web that explains its feeding relationships in the ecosystem. These five trophic levels are...1. Primary Producers: autotrophs in an ecosystem who transform light and chemical energy into biological molecules.o Example; plants, algae, and bacteria.o The first link in the energy chain.2. Consumers: consume and convert energy that is stored in producers.o Example; animals and fungi.These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Second link in the energy chain.o Primary consumers are herbivores that eat only producers.3. Secondary Consumers: eat primary consumers.o Carnivores that eat herbivores.o The third link on the energy chain.4. Tertiary Consumers: Carnivores that feed on other carnivores.o Example; wolves.o The fourth link on the energy chain.5. Scavengers and Decomposers: Feed on the leftovers of the previous links, eat the dead and dying organic matter.o Example; bacteria, archaeans, birds, insects, and fungi.o Heterotrophic.o The fifth and final link on the energy chain.Food Chain: a map of the feeding arrangements between organisms in an ecosystem. Also maps the energy flow from the lowest level (producers) to the highest consumers, or its trophic structure.It’s usually a straight line upwards from the lowest organism on the chain to the highest.VS.Food Web: a more complex map of the flow of energy between organisms in anecosystem, mapping generalist’s food patterns that feed on more than one type oforganism. Contains several interlinking food chains.o Energy is lost each step of the food web, so there are usually five or less linksbetween producers and the top of the food web.VS.Energy Pyramid: shows the limitations of energy flow between trophic levels on the food chain. Each level, as it goes up, contains less and less energy than its previous level.Section 5.5: Interactions in Social Groups Increase FitnessSocial groups can increase fitness in populations in three ways…1. Caring and nurturing of young.2. Protection and defense.3. Obtaining resources such as food, territory, mates, or nesting sites.Disadvantages of social groups include…1. More intraspecific competition for resources.2. Quick transmission of disease throughout the social group.3. Weak members of the group who slow the social group down.Communication: animal behavior that involves a signal or stimulus transmitted by one animal and received by another. As social complexity increases in a population, so does the complexity of these signals that the social group uses.o Method of communication is a reflection of the animal’s ability to sense and process signals.- Example; animals active at night such as bats and wolves use other sensesto send and receive signals, such as sounds or scents.- Animals active during the day use visual signaling.o Tactile communication is communication between two animals through actually physically touching.- Important in bonding.o Chemical communication signals are called pheromones.o Purpose: to convey information about resources, dangers, and reproductive fitness.Dominance Hierarchy: the ranking of members in a social group into a strict social order based on physical differences among members and their access to resources.o Favors the members who are strongest/healthiest.o These traits are passed onto the next