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BGSU BIOL 2050 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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BIOL 2050 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 12-16Lecture 12 (February 23)Introduction to MetabolismWhat are the different metabolic pathways and how is energy used in the processes?Metabolism: totality of an organism’s chemical reactions- Catabolic pathway: releasing energy by breaking down molecules- Anabolic pathway: consumes energy to build moleculesEnergy: can be converted from one form to anotherUsed in metabolism:- Exergonic Reaction: releases energy - Endergonic Reactions: takes in energy- Equilibrium: cells are not at equilibrium- ATP Production: couples exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactionsWhat is the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions?Enzymes act as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions and lower the energy activationbarrier.Process:- Substrate binds with enzyme at active site.- Inhibition: competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors decrease enzyme activity.Lecture 13 (February 25) What are the basic components of catabolic processes?Fermentation: degradation without the process of oxygenCellular Respiration: degradation involving processes with and without oxygen.- Redox reactions: transferring electrons between reactantso Oxidation: losing electrons Reducing agent: electron donoro Reduction: gaining electrons Oxidizing agent: electron receptorWhat are the main steps of Cellular Respiration?Cellular Respiration- Glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of stepsI. Glycolysis: breaks down glucose into two pyruvate moleculesa. Occurs in cytoplasmb. Takes place with or without oxygenc. Substrate-level phoshorylation II. Oxidation of Pyruvatea. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A before the Citric Acid CycleIII. Citric Acid Cyclea. Completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2b. Generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2IV. Oxidative Phosphorylationa. Electron Transport Chain: NADH and FADH2 donate electrons which powers ATP synthesisi. Occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondriab. Chemiosmosis: the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular worki. Electrons transfer in the electron transfer chain causes an excess of H+ into the intermembrane spaceii. H+ then moves across the membrane powering ATP synthesisLecture 14 (February 27)What is fermentation and what are the different types?Fermentation: uses substrate-level phosphorylation instead of an electron transport chain to generate ATP. Alcohol Fermentation: pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps.Lactic Acid Fermentation: pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate as an endproduct, with no release of CO2.Lecture 15 (March 2)What is photosynthesis and what are the benefits of photosynthesis for all organisms?Photosynthesis: the process that converts solar energy into chemical energy Carbon Dioxide + Water + Light Energy -> Glucose + Oxygen + Water- Photosynthesis is used by autotrophs that create their own energy by using sunlight. These autotrophs are then consumed by heterotrophs that use these producers for energy. - Photosynthesis provides energy to producers which in turn provide energy to all other higher level organisms.Where does photosynthesis occur and what is the process it undergoes?- Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts mainly in mesophyll cells. o Light Reactions:  Splits water  Releases oxygen Reduces NADP+ to NADPH Generate ATP Uses light energy (photons) to excite electrons in electron transport chaino Calvin Cycle: Occurs in the stroma Forms sugar using ATP and NADPH Begins with carbon fixationWhat are the different photosystems and in what systems are they used?- Photosystem II: functions first and absorbs light at the wavelength of 680 nm- Photosystem I: absorbs wavelength 700 nm- Linear electron flow: involves both photosystems and produces ATP and NADPH using light energy.o Primary pathway used- Cyclic electron flow: uses only photosystem Io Produces ATP but not NADPHo No oxygen is producedLecture 16 (March 4)What is the Calvin Cycle and how do different plants have different forms of carbon fixation within the Calvin Cycle?Calvin Cycle (Light independent Reactions): regenerates its starting material after molecules enter and leave the cell.- Builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and NADPH- Carbon Fixation: incorporates carbon from CO2 into organic compoundo C4 plants have adopted a way of minimizing the effects of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds o C3 plants undergo photorespiration and it causes damage and reduces upto half of the carbon fixed by the Calvin


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BGSU BIOL 2050 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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