GEOL 404 1st Edition Lecture 11 Outline of Last Lecture I. Petroleum Resource AssessmentII. BurialIII. PorosityIV. PermeabilityV. Compaction Pressure and Fluid FlowOutline of Current Lecture VI. Well LogsVII. WaterVIII. Natural GassesIX. Fluid PhasesX. Tectonic Subsidence HistoriesXI. Evolution of BasinsXII. BurialCurrent LectureSummary of Lecture 8 and 9 NOTE: Test consists of multiple choice questions from the lecture notes. Lecture 1-12 Except Lecture 10. VI. Well Logsa. Loggingi. First run with an instrument, log from bot to top, second run a sonic, third, gamma ray to measure calibration of the previousb. Dielectric Loggingi. Not used often, only penetrates .5 centimeters. However vertical resolution is very high. Used to find Hydrate Saturation. c. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Loggingi. Apply a magnetic field that causes a rotating magnetic field. Water molecules are forced to align with the field, and suddenly stop rotation.To measure time needed to reach equilibrium of molecular movement -proton decay rate. -How to Detect? -It detects the movable fluids - Water, Gas, Oil-Stop Rotating Field?-Clays equilibria very fast-Water reach equilibrium slowerThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Permeability?-Shows a great relationship to find fluid flow, because it shows clays.Summary Lecture 10VII. Watera. Water is very old. b. Subsurface Waters (2)i. Free Water 1. Free to move in pore spaces, such as connate waterii. Irreducible Water1. Cannot be removed during productioniii. Connate Water - Higher PH, very salty. We use connate water to try and find hydrocarbons because they appear a lot when hydrocarbons are nearVIII. Natural Gassesa. Hydrocarbon Gassesi. Dry – Methaneii. Wet - Ethane, propane, butaneb. Tetrahedral Bonding - 1 Carbon surrounded by 4 Hydrogen (Methane)c. Saturate - Single Bondd. Unsaturated - Double Bonde. Paraffin’s - Gas when n<5, liquid when n<15, solid when n>15IX. Fluid Phasesa. Gas at low pressure will condense to a liquid at high pressureb. Light liquids under pressure vaporize under low pressure.X. Tectonic Subsidence Histories a. Sedimentation is low for intracratonic basins. It means you are not rich in hydrocarbons.b. Strike Slip Basins, you have high hydrocarbons but not enough sedimentc. Passive Margins, intermediate sedimentation, it is the best, both sediment and hydrocarbonsXI. Evolution of Basinsa. Looks at how porosity and permeability changes first. And then takes into account thermal conductivity and density.XII. Buriala. Shows how compaction will impact initial porosity and permeability.b. Temperature and time are the most dominant controlling factors on maturation of organic matter.c. Temperature depends on i. Thermal conductivityii. Heat generationiii. water flowiv. surface temperature change. d. Heat is conducted by mineral. Quartz is a good heat