PSYC 2070 1st EditionExam #2 Study Guide Chapters 4,8, and 11Chapter 4 Gender vs. Sex• Often used interchangeably, but:• Gender is socially constructed• Woman, man; feminine, masculine• Sex is biological• Genitals• Chromosomes• Male, female• Sex: Pre-natal Development• All of us have 46 chromosomes• 23 pairs; 23rd pair= sex chromosomes• Sperm has 23; Egg has 23• 23rd pair: Egg always provides an X…• XX• XY• Sex: Pre-natal Development• Sperm + Egg = Zygote  Fetus• 4 to 6 weeks in: Sexual differentiation begins- Internal sex organs- External sex organs- Hormones- BrainSexual Differentiation: Internal Sex Organs• 5 to 6 weeks in: primitive gonad development• Ovaries vs. Testes• By default everyone is female• Y chromosome and SRY gene  Testes• Hormones  Mullerian ducts vs. Wolffian ducts• Wolffian ducts develop in men and Mullerian ducts develop in women.Sexual difference is the homologous tissue in the external sex organs.VERY IMPORTANT!Sex hormones:1. Androgens: Androgens are a group of hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity. Present in both males and females, the principle androgens are testosterone and androstenedione.2. Estrogens: Estrogens are hormones that are important for sexual and reproductive development, mainly in women. They are also referred to as female sex hormones.3. Progesterone: Progesterone is a hormone that stimulates and regulates important functions, playing a role in maintaining pregnancy, preparing the body for conception and regulating the monthly menstrual cycle.4. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: are important in controlling the production of sperm in men and the maturation and release of an egg during each menstrual cycle in women.Disorders of Sex Development:1. Klinefelter Syndrome: A genetic condition in which a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome.2. Turner Syndrome: A chromosomal disorder that affects only females; abnormalities in development of reproductive organs, short stature, learning disability, or delayed puberty.3. CAH: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia can cause problems with normal growth and development in children — including normal development of the genitals. It affects bothmales and females. It also includes lack of cortisol, which plays an important role in regulating your blood pressure, maintaining blood sugar and energy levels, and protecting your body against stress.4. Androgen-insensitivity Syndrome: Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a condition that affects sexual development before birth and during puberty. People with this condition are genetically male, with one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each cell. Because their bodies are unable to respond to certain male sex hormones (called androgens), they may have mostly female sex characteristics or signs of both male and female sexual development.• Gender differences found in the research:• Men tend to be larger and stronger• Women are biologically heartier and mature faster• Men display more aggression, women display more neuroticism• Boys’ play tends to be rougher than girls’• Differences in brain symmetry and use• Learning disabilities- Evolutionary Theory: gender = way evolution and nature affect how people adapt to their environment- Social Learning Theory: gender = result of our modeling and learning from parents and society- Gender Schema Theory: gender = schemas, cognitive mechanisms, that organize thinking about gender- Cognitive Development Theory: gender = dependent on a child’s level of development (different ideas at different stages)Intersex• Disorder of Sex Development • True Hermaphroditism is VERY rare• “True Hermaphrodites” have fully formed ovaries AND testes, either:• One ovary and one testicle• Gonads that combine testicular and ovarian tissue• Intersexualism is less rare: 1 in 5000• Testes or ovaries (not both) & gonads match chromosomal sex• BUT: Issues with prenatal hormones ambiguous external genitalsThe Gender Spectrum• Transgender (or Trans) – The Trans Umbrella• People who identify or express gender in a variety of different ways, typically in opposition to their biological sex. • Gender Identity not matching Birth-Sex• Challenges the Gender Binary• Transsexual• Person who identifies with a gender other than one given at birth• OPPOSITE to Birth-Sex• Gender Queer• Person who feels that their gender identity is something completely different from male or femaleChapter 11- Sex is different from gender- Internal genitalia, external genitalia, hormones & chromosomes- Gender is different from sexual orientation- Who you go to bed as vs. Who you want to go to bed withDefining Sexual Orientation Sexual orientation: who you are attracted to Heterosexual (“straight”): only opposite sex Homosexual (“gay”, “lesbian”): only same sex Bisexuality: both Why Are There Different Sexual Orientations? Theories about homosexuality can be divided into four basic types: 1. Biological theories = Differences in physiology2. Developmental theories = Focus on upbringing & personal history3. Behavioral/Behaviorist theories = Learned behaviors (reinforcement)4. Sociological theories = Influence of Social forces (society, culture) HORMONES Hormones: Organizational effects during development Weak effects Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) Disorder of sexual development Higher amounts of androgens 1 in 15,000 babies CAH girls  play with male-typical toys and have higher rates of bisexuality and homosexuality than non-CAH girlsDevelopmental theories Freud & Psychoanalysis All of us are initially bisexual but… Being gay = Unresolved Oedipal complex Intense attachment to mother, distant father  Castration anxiety Being a lesbian = Penis envy  rejection of