Geog 140 1st Edition Exam # 1 Study GuideWorld History (lectures 2,3)Agriculture- Developed 10,000 years ago- Extends caring capacity of landUrban Transformation- 4,000 BC- Reliable food surplus- Social Organization- Control of human energy- Irrigation- Ex. Mesopotamia Valley, SomeriaIndustrial Revolution- Development of writing/law- Village life- People work in agriculture- Mid-18th century- mass production- Revolution in manufacturing/transportation Preconditions for Urban Growth- Industrialization – the process in which a society/country transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services- Urbanization – taking on the characteristics of a city Europe (lectures 4,5,6,7)Boundaries - North/South divide Ethnicity, Nation, Nationalism - Ethnicity – identity within a group of people who share cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth- Nation – coherent cultural/ethnic group that has or desires legal status related to territory - Nationalism – loyalty and devotion to a nation, expressed through symbols of nation (flag, song, etc.)Cultural & Political Decisions- Cultural imperialism – the active promotion of one cultural system over another- Cultural nationalism – when a nation is defined by a shared culture Separatism- When a group within country wants independence- Reason being is usually cultural: religious, linguistic- Results in ethnic diversity & population misting within geopolitically rigid boundaries (nation-states) Supra-nationalism- A method of decision-making in multi-national political communities, where power is transferred to a government authorityo Ex. European Union, Europe Migration flowsRussia & Near Abroad (lectures 8,9,10,11)Post-Soviet Fate of the Republics- Abrupt transition to independence- De-modernization- Economic uncertainty- Civil unrest- Environmental disaster Tribalism- A social system where human societies are divided into small, roughly in depended subgroups- Lack social structure outside of their society- Based on kinship, more unique than other tribes- First thing humans belonged too- Still relevant in many areas of the world- Each tribe has a very strong ethnic culture identity Ethnocentrism- Tendency to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one’s own cultureSoviet Influence - Electrification, literacy, transportation, communication, health care, employment South & East Asia (lectures 12,13,14)China A. Chinese Religion- Dominance of BuddhismChina under CommunismB. Economic- State ownership- Restriction of foreign capitalC. Social- Political dissent not allowed or toleratedPopulation of China- 1.3 billion (largest in the world)- Growth rate has dropped- Population is expected to rise to 1.5 billionA. Population Growth Reduction Policyo 2 children per familyo Improving women’s educationo 1979, 1 child policy (rewards: better living, employment, etc.)o Penalties to those with 2 or more children (abortion, fines, etc.)o Families don’t like having girlsJapan- Moderate climate- Human continental north- Human subtropical south - Affected by the monsoon- 127 million people- .3% of worlds land mass- Diverse landscapeTaiwan- Tropical island, volcanic- Dense populationKoreas- Very mountainous- South has more plains- South is better suited for agriculture- North has a better diversity of resources- South has larger growth in population - South has a better, stronger economySE Asia: - Colonial legacy- Dual economy – the existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, etc.- Core-periphery – industrialized capitalist countries, also, control and benefit from the global marketSouth Asia: - Universal – attempts to be global, all people no matter where they live- Ethnic – appeals to one group of people, in one particular placeMiddle East & North Africa (lecture 15)Population- Lives where the water is- Upland areas/mountains- Coastal areas below mountains- Inland plateaus- Banks of seasonal streams- Banks of exotic rivers Agriculture- Farming is very important, main food source- “Dry farming” (no irrigation)- Irrigated farming- Oasis, River- Groundwater (Qanat System) – brings water down by gravity, man-madeCities in the Maghreb- Most urban areas in the world- Where cities started, cultural hearths- Environment full of religion Ethnic vs. Religious Conflict- Arab-Israeli wars - Mostly