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UH BIOL 3324 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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BIOL 3324 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide o Gray vs. White Mattero Gray: consists of unmyelinated cells bodies, dendrities, and axon terminalso White: consists of myelinated axons with very few cell bodieso There are four major features that protect the CNS from injuryo The meninges o Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Matero Cerebral Spinal Fluid o Formed primarily by choroid plexuses o The Blood-brain barrier o Neurons are protected from harmful substances in the blood because brain capillaries are not leaky. o Special nutritional requirements of neural tissueo Brain used ~15% of blood pumped by the heart to get the oxygen gas it needso Brain uses ~50% of the body’s glucose consumptiono The Spinal Cordo Four regions which correspond to the vertebrae  Cervical (8), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5)o The Spinal Nerves o Dorsal root: carries sensory (afferent) information to the CNSo Ventral root: carries motor (efferent) information to the muscles and glandso Gray matter of the spinal cord: o Centrally located, butterfly shaped o White matter of the spinal cord: o Functionally organized into tractso Bundles of nerve fivers with simple function o Spinal Reflexes o Very basic o Self contained integration center o The Brainstem o Oldest and most primitive part of the brain o Consists of the medulla, pons, midbrain o The Cranial Nerves o These nerves supply head and neck with motor and sensory fiberso KNOW: Vagus nerve (X): responsible for innervating the thoracic and abdominal cavities o Reticular formationo Nuclei (diffuse collections of nerve cell bodies) that govern many of the basic processes of lifeo The Cerebellum o Second largest structure in the brain These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o The diencephalon o “between-brain” lies between the stem and the cerebrumo Consists of 3 structures:  Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus o The Cerebrum o Largest portion of the human brain o Cerebral Lateralization o The language and verbal skills tend to be concentrated on the left side of the brain where as the spatial skills concentrated on the right side. o Functional Areas of the cerebral cortexo Sensory Areaso Motor Areao Association Areaso Sensory Integration and Processing o Somesthetic sensations: sensations from the surface of the body: touch, pressure, temperature, pain o Proprioception: awareness of body position o “Lower brain function” is known as simple awareness that is detected by the thalamus o “Higher brain function” is for subconscious walking by the cerebellum and cerebral cortex o Know the five areas where sensory information is processedo Perceptiono Conscious awareness of surroundings derived from interpretation of sensory inputo Motor Controlo Motor systems govern CNS outputo Voluntary muscle control Frontal lobeo Consciousnesso Four states of consciousness  Maximum alterness Wakefulness Sleep  Comao Sleep-Wake o Sleep  Two types: Slow wave sleep, Paradoxical sleep (REM sleep) o Due to the cyclic interplay of three different neural systems  1. An arousal system-part of the reticular activating system 2. Slow-wave sleep center- hypothalamus containing sleep ON neurons  Paradoxical sleep center- brainstem containing REM sleep ON neurons o Why do we sleep?o Emotionso Subjective emotional feelings and moods and the associated overall physical responses o Motivationso Direct behavior towards a specific goalo Basic behavioral patterns-survival behaviorso Individual survival o Sociosexual behavioro Two levels Simple: (ex: smile) Complex (ex: fear)o Learning and Memoryo Learning: acquisition of knowledge or skills as a consequence of experience, instruction or both o Memory: storage of acquired knowledge for later recall  Hippocampus: vital role in short term memory by integrating various related stimuli  Multiple levels of storage  How does memory work? o Cortical Control of Languageo Usually located on the left side of the brain o Broca’s area o Wernicke’s area o Receptors o Located at the peripheral end of an afferent neuron that responds to a stimuli o Types of Receptorso Receptor signals o Receptive fieldso Distinguishing modalitieso Modalityo Locationo Intensity and Duration o Adaptation o Two types of receptors  Tonic  Phasic o Somatosenory pathwayso Discrete chains of neurons that synaptically interconnect and at each level get processedwith greater sophistication o Toucho Receptors o Nociceptors o Pain o Analgesia o Smello Olfactor mucose o Olfactory bulb o Characteristics of an odoro Vomeronasal organ o Tasteo Five primary tastes o Taste signalso Hearing o The 3 parts of the ear  External Ear Middle Ear Inner Ear-The Cochlea- Sound waves in the inner ear o Discriminating sounds o Auditory pathways to the cortexo Deafness o Equilibrium is regulated by the vestibular apparatus o Semicircular Canalso Otolith Organs o The Eyeo The Iris o Light  Photoreceptor cells Color vision  Light must pass through several retinal layers before reaching the photoreceptoro Visual Transduction: the playerso Photopigment o Darkness vs. Light o Initiation of an action potential in the visual pathway o Termination of the light response o Visual Processing o Ganglion cello Nerves o The efferent division of the PNS  Two branches: Autonomic system, Somatic system o Autonomic system innervates visceral organs o Two systems or subdivisions:  Sympathetic and Parasympathetic branches - Dominance - Advantages of two systems - Receptorso The Adrenal medulla o Located superior to the kidney  Two parts: Cortex, Medulla o The Somatic nervous system o It is under voluntary control but not necessarily conscious control  Stereotypical movements  Posture Balance o The Neuromuscular junctiono The motor-end plate o Axon terminal enlarges into a terminal button o Muscle Typeso Skeletal muscle Structure and what it does o Cardiac muscleo Smooth muscleo Myofibril o Thick filamentso Thin filaments  Three components o Light and dark bands o Titin and Nebulin o Crossbridges o Troponin o Contractiono The Powerstrokeo Relaxation o Muscle metabolism (ATP is essential) o Creatine Phosphate o Oxidative phosphorylation o Glycolysis o Fatigue (Peripheral vs. Central)o Muscle Mechanics o Two primary types of contractiono Smooth Muscles o Multiunit o Single unit o Myogenic Activity o


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UH BIOL 3324 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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