ARCH 212 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Week 1: Introduction 1. Video: “The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces” 1) What design elements encourage the use and facilitate the success of urban open spaces?* Week 2: Human and Nature 1. How do we value nature: Egocentrism, Anthropocentrism and Ecocentrism 2. Why do we like nature? a. Evolution-based theory: Biopholia hypothesis* & Biophobia hypothesis -Biophilia Hypothesis: There is an instinctive bond (a biological affinity) between human beings and other (unthreatening) living systems-Biophobia Hypothesis: Humans have a genetic predisposition to learn to fear certain potentially dangerous elements of natureb. Restorative effects of nature: 2 theories (Stress Reduction Theory & Attention Restoration Theory)* -Stress Reduction TheoryStress is a popular public health problem-Responses during exposure to nature (stress reduction):-Physiological responses-Aesthetic preference-Positive emotions-Research example:-Stress Recovery During Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments (Ulrich, 1991)-Attention Restoration TheoryDirected AttentionEffortless AttentionRestored Attention2. What kind of nature do we like? (Principles of environmental assessment.) a. Refuge and prospect -Gender difference in preference for refuge and prospect Women: Prefer RefugeMen: Prefer Prospect-Pleasure of prospect to water b. Berlyne’s aesthetics -Complexity-Novelty-Incongruity-Suprisingess c. Kaplan and Kaplan’s preference model: 4 characteristics in the model 4) Affective appraisal: unpleasant-pleasant vs. arousing-not arousing Week 3: Biophilic Design 1. Concept of biophilic design* oThe deliberate attempt to translate an understanding of Biophilia (i.e., the inherent human affinity to affiliate with natural systems and processes) into the design of the built environment2. Benefits of biophilic design* oReduce StressoImprove Cognitive function and creativityoImprove well-being and expedite healing3. Two dimensions of biophilic design oOrganic or naturalisticoSense of place vs. placelessness4. Four strategies of biophilic design* oDirect natureoNatural elementsoEvoking natureoSpirit of place Week 4: Personal Space and Territoriality 1. Personal Space a. What is personal space? -A body buffer zone that people maintain between themselves and others-An interpersonal boundary regulation mechanism-Way to manage everyday activityb. Functions of personal space -Protection -Communicationb. Hall’s spatial zones (Dimensions for intimate, personal, social and public distances)* -Intimate Space-Personal Space -Social Distance-Public Spaceb. Shape of the personal space “bubble” -Oval Shape (More space in front and to the sides but not the back2. What influences the size of personal space? a. Physical attractionb. Relationship with the personc. Public setting can affect it, social scenarios2. Territory a. What is territory? -Relatively stationary areas often with visible boundaries, that are at least temporarily “owned” by someoneb. Types of territories -Primary: Home, office-Secondary: Classroom-Public: Beachb. Functions of territories -Organizing functions-Higher-order needs1. Cultural needs embedded in design2. Religion3. Animal interaction4. Moving through a series of spaces to get a particular oneb. Territory and aggression -Consequences of territory invasion1. Depend on where it is located2. Status of territory boundary3. Defensible spaceWeek 5: Environmental Perception and Cognition 1. How do we perceive our environment?a. Linear perspective and "forced" perspectiveb. Holistic analysisi. Concept of Gestalt psychologyii. Gestalt principles: samples with applications of different principles (similarity, continuation, closure, proximity, figure and ground)2. Cognitive mappinga. Five elements of cognitive mapping, proposed by Kevin Lynchb. Design features of these five elements that help create a good image2. Seven design guidelines for wayfinding3. Impact of spatial structure and geometric shape on wayfinding4. You-are here