HES 2823 1st Edition Lecture 14 Outline of Last Lecture I. Energy BalanceA. CaloriesB. EnergyIN = EnergyOUTOutline of Current Lecture I. Means of Energy Expenditure (continued)II. Obesity: an IntroductionCurrent LectureI. Means of Energy Expenditure (continued)A. Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)B. Thermic Effect of Food: heat energy expended after eating1. Completed through digestion, absorption, transport, and deamination2. Comprises the expenditure of 10% of calorie intakeC. Non-exercise Activity1. Part of physical activity2. Activities of daily living3. Examples: pacing, fidgeting4. Important to prevent weight gain with overeating5. Mayo Clinic Studya. 1000 additional calories in diet of participantsb. All gained weight but not the same amountsc. Different people are more susceptible to weight gain in correlationwith overeatingd. Those who participate in more non-exercise activity gained less weight6. As intentional exercise increases, non exercise activity decreasesII. Obesity: an IntroductionA. Incidence and Trends1. 1960s: 25% of US adults overweight and obese2. 1970s: 25% of US adults overweight and obese3. 1980s: 33% of US adults overweight and obese4. Late 1990s: 55% of US adults overweight and obese5. Now: 65% and rising of US adults overweight and obeseThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.6. Mortality rates increase exponentially with heightened obesity due to effects on the body that induce fat storage, blood pressure, cancer, and heart diseaseB. Genetics and the Environment1. The McCreary Brothers – obese identical twins as an example in support of genetics2. Michael Walker – 1200 pound man as an example of the environment3. Pima Indians – two branches exist with one half remaining in Mexico and the other migrating to Arizonaa. Those in Arizona are the most obese people in the world with an 80% rate of obesity, while those in Mexico retain a 20% rate of obesityb. The migratory groups lives a sedentary lifestyle with a high fat diet, whereas the original group consists of farmers, hunters, gatherers, who partake in low fat dietsc. The groups have similar genetics with a predisposition for obesity, but their lifestyles allow for the expression of the genes4. Both one’s genetics and surrounding environment contribute to risk of obesityC. Is an obese child likely to become an obese adult?1. Infants are not good predictors of obesity until a minimum age of 2 or 32. Childhood obesity does increase risk of adult obesityD. Can someone safely and effectively lose weight? Yes.E. Definition of Obesity1. Excess body fat2. The National Institute of Health (NIH) defines an excess of fat detrimental to health3. The absolute number is controversial but typically >19% body fat in malesand >26% body fat in females is obese4. Measurement of body compositiona. Underwater weighing – the “gold standard” as a comparison between one’s weight in water and on landb. Bioelectrical impedance – an electrical current runs through the body to semi-accurately convey body compositionc. Dual x-ray absorptiometry – expensived. Skinfold thickness – inexpensive, quick, and portable measure of subcutaneous fat5. Alternative Definitionsa. Body Mass Index (BMI): most commonly used but not ideal because someone can be heavy but muscular and not fatb. BMI = kilograms/m2 or pounds/inches2 X 703c. Classificationsa. BMI < 18.5: underweightb. BMI 18.5-25: healthy weightc. BMI 25-29.9 overweightd. BMI > 29.9: obesed. BMI-for-Age Chartsa. Charts BMI against ageb. Different percentiles as chartedc. Definition in childreni. At or above the 95th percentile is obeseii. At or above the 85th percentile is overweightiii. Use older weight-for-stature charts for children under the age of
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