CC 301 1st Edition Lecture 10 Outline of Last Lecture I. A discussion of different Persian rulers, and the Spartan government. Outline of Current Lecture II. Athens (Government) III. Solon – Council of 400IV. Tyranny in FactionsV. Changes in LeadershipVI. Council of 500Current LectureAthens (Government)Athens developed in a different way. We hear about kings in the mythology, but if they actually existed historically that happened very early on and really quick. They had 9 chief magistrates. Archon Basillels (ruler king); his function was purely ceremonial to preside over religious rituals. Then there was the polomark who would be the chief general in charge of the military. The Apotomas Archon – would be the real chief magistrate in charge of administering the functions of the city. Then, in addition, you had six officials called thesmothetes, the recorders ofthe laws. Although this might seem secretarial, it was actually very important. When the council would have its meetings and vote on some piece of legislation, the themothetes were in charge ofinterpreting what the counsel had just voted on and would write it down in a form that would be permanently saved. This was important because the culture was mainly oral. You would have these 9 all serving one year terms and they would be popularly elected. However, there were qualifications of both property and birth that one had to meet. Hadto be of a certain wealth class and had to descend from an old aristocratic family. Now all of theformer holders of these offices would serve on the counsil of the Areochetus and at leastoriginally that would be the real legislative bond in Athens. Once you’ve served in a magistrate,you would have lifetime tenure in the council. This was a system without full classrepresentation that led to social structures. Solon – Council of the 400Solon Apotomus Archon around 590 BC, early 6th century. Found Athens in a state of real socialupheaval. Solon created a new legislative body called the council of the 400: much widerThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.membership. He made the change that to serve in the magistrates or the council of the 400, youno longer needed to meet a qualification of birth. Instead, the only important qualification wasthat of wealth; if you owned property you had a stake in the success of the Athenian state. Solonwas not just in favor of the wealthy; there were other things he did that limited the power of thewealthy. One real social problem that he encountered was that a growing percentage of thepopulation had mortgaged themselves into serfdom. Solon abolished these debts and liberatedthese lower classes from the indentured servitude that they were obligated to. Now investors thathad loaned the money had basically lost their investment and were far less willing to loan money.Solon’s constitutional reform was all a balancing act. Solon prohibited the export of foodbecause he wanted Athens to be self-sufficient and to have a surplus of food; he only allowedolive oil for export. Now one of the other positive effects of this was that it encouraged thedevelopment of non-agricultural industry in Athens. One of the reasons why Athens became oneof the great centers of ceramic manufacturing in Greece. Solon encouraged immigration ofskilled craftsmen; skilled artisans encouraged to immigrate and offered citizenship. Husbandswere obligated to have intercourse with their wives at least three times a month, a way of helpingwomen and the birthrate. For men that were unmarried, there were state owned brothels wherethe prices would be low enough that any common laborer could afford it (a right that should beavailable to any citizen). Solon didn’t want these reforms to depend just on his own popularity orthe force of his own personality. He decided he would travel around the known world for tenyears and then come back and see if these reforms he had instituted were still working andfunctioning; he didn’t want it to depend on one man’s authority. He went to Lydia and visitedCresus who tried to impress with wealth but was unsuccessful. However, during Solon’s absence things didn’t go that well. Factionalism grew. Athensexpanded economically, more commerce, trade and industry. Men of new wealth felt empoweredin a way they haven’t been before. These men challenged the old council and authority. Bay ofEleusis good grain growing area. Then you had merchants and small craftsmen who engaged intrade and the champion of that faction was Megacles of the Alchameons. There was ongoingferment between these factions, with differing alliances.Tyranny from FactionsEmergence of tyranny from the factions. The one that really came forward to cease powerfor himself was Pisistratus the leader of the poor farmers. He was very clever and in the 560s hereally did manage to eliminate the influence of the other leaders of the factions. Manipulatedtheater, found tall and impressive looking woman in one of the villages and got the idea to dressher up to look like the goddess Athena. After Pisistratus had been exiled, he got this woman toride in a chariot next to him escorting him back into the city of Athens. This is significantbecause Athena was the patron goddess of Athens. It actually managed to deceive a lot of peopleeven though it was a spectable. Pariander in Quaranth. Clisemethis in Syphian? These tyrants would assemble bodyguard forces to protect them and these private body guards would be like an army used tointimidate enemies. But, on the other side, tyrants were also associated with lavish publicexpenditure. The tyrants would be great patrons of the arts. Panathenaic festival: religiousceremonies and athletic games; Pisistratus attempt to make Athens a center of athletics like theOlympics, Delphi…etcAmphoras of olive oil; very valuable prize. The festival of the Dionesia; of drama(Dionysus). A definitive edition of the Homeric poems was created. Pisitratus died in 527. Histwo songs (elder) Hippias and Hipparchus ruled Athens together. Were worse than Pisistratus ineliminating enemies (Megacles and his family exiled).Changes in LeadershipHarmodius and