BIO 1201 1nd Edition Lecture 9 Outline of Last Lecture I.Typical Eukaryote CellII.Endomembrane Systema.Nucleusb.Endoplasmic Reticulumc.Golgi ApparatusIII.MitochondriaIV.CytoskeletonOutline of Current Lecture V.Typical Plant CellVI.Cell WallVII.Central VacuuleVIII.ChloroplastsIX.PigmentsX.PhotosynthesisCurrent LectureI. Plant cellsa. Contain same organelles as animal cells, plus someII. Cell Walla. Found in plant cells and single-celled eukaryotes (e.g., yeast)b. Wraps around plasma membranec. Protects and physically supports cellThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Composed largely of polysaccharidesIII. Central Vacuulea. Storage space for the cellb. Membrane-bound organelleIV. Chloroplastsa. Plants typically have many of theseb. Surrounded by a double membranei. Inner membrane (called thylakoid) is extensively folded into stacks called granumii. Solution inside inner membrane is called stromaiii. Imbedded in the thylakoid are proteins and molecules involved in photosynthesis; some of these molecules are pigment moleculesc. In general, chloroplasts use sunlight as energy to build glucose from CO2V. Pigments: can absorb or reflect light, which has energya. The color you can see is the color of the spectrum that is reflected; other colors are absorbed b. White reflects all colors and black absorbs all colorsc. The ability of pigments to absorb light (energy) is the basis of photosynthesis, which is a series of chemical reactions that chloroplasts use to make complex molecules and obtain energyVI. Photosynthesis is made of two series of chemical reactionsa. Light Reactions: two photosystems use light to produce ATP and NADPH, and alsoO2 as a byproducti. Involve photosystems: group of molecules including pigments and proteins that can convert sunlight energy into chemical energyii. Two photosystems; both occur at the same time, but it is easier to think of them as occurring as photosystem II leading to photosystem I1. Photosystem II: chlorophyll absorbs light until two electrons get excited and are released (they “pop”)a. The electrons get passed from protein to protein in the photosystem, releasing little bits of energy at each stop (called electron transport chain)b. This energy is used to build ATP (stores energy)c. To replace the loss of the energy-depleted electron, H2O is broken apart, the electrons are added to H, and O2 is released as a byproduct2. Photosystem I: absorbs light and releases two electronsa. These electrons are stored for later in a molecule called NADPHb. The lost electrons are replaced by the spent electron from photosystem IIb. Carbon Reactions: series of chemical reactions that use ATP and electrons stored in NADPH to assemble glucose from the carbons and oxygens in CO2 and H in
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