W@W 1st Edition Lecture 8 Outline of Last Lecture I. The War moves to the seaII. Submarine warfareIII. The Lusitania SinkingIV. Air warfareV. Gas warfareVI. Flame throwersVII. WWI propagandaOutline of Current Lecture I. 1915 Dardanelles & GallipoliII. Mesopotamia, 1915III. Islamic worldIV. Scramble for German African ColoniesV. The Eastern FrontVI. PowersVII. War of 1916- Battle of VerdunVIII. 1916- Battle of JutlandIX. 1916- Brusilov OffensiveX. 1916- Battle of the SommeCurrent LectureI. 1915 Dardanelles & Gallipoli-a. Sail Dardanelles to Constantinople i. Gallipoli was a British campaignii. Turkish soldiers were stationed on top of mountain looking down on canalwith gunsiii. Turkish also mined the straits into Gallipoliiv. The British tried to take out gunners, but couldn’t get over the mountains.v. (Feb/Mar) failed attemptsvi. April fail attemptvii. August is also fail attempt to “break out”viii. The campaign is given up in December 1915ix. This increased the Turk’s Leader, Mustapha Kemal’s prestigeThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Mesopotamia, 1915-a. April- Indian troops (GB) occupy Ahwaz to secure an oil pipelinei. Main source of energy for GBii. Secures Persian oil and Suezb. July- GB occupy Nasiriya on Euphratesc. Advance to Baghdad Along Tigris river (fail)d. November 2nd- GB is stopped at Ctesiphoni. They retreat to Kut- and then besieged by Turkishii. 5 month siege ($ was offered by GB, but it was rejected)iii. 6K of 10K prisoners diedIII. Islamic World-a. Feb- 50,00 Bedouin march on Suez Canali. Iraq uprising is post-ponedb. April- German sponsor Jihad by giving civilians firearms to protect against GBi. India, Persia and Afghanistanc. ***Hussein ibn Ali***i. Tries to get Arabian’s to rise up against the Ottoman Empired. *** Hussein/ McMahon***i. Promised of Arab homelandii. But the Jews were promised of land tooIV. Scramble of German African colonies-a. GB use colonial troops for Indiab. 1914-i. April- GB captures Togoland1. Acquire wireless stationii. Oct- Germans request no war in Africaiii. Nov- GB fails to take German E. Africac. 1915-i. July- GB captures German SW Africa1. Slow conquest to Cameroonsa. (surrender early 1916)2. Minor battles, does nothing for African coloniesd. GB secures German colonies (East Germany excepted)V. Eastern Front-a. By 1915 Russia is suffering from shortages (transportation, communication… pretty much corrupt.)b. Tsar- was the commander for Russian army (9/1)c. Gregorii Rasputin- influenced Tsarina and the courts.i. He believed that going to war with Germany would weaken the public and military support.d. “Ober Ost” plan and attack (1/31)i. The supreme commander of all German Forces in the East”e. April- Germans shift 8 divisions from the Eastf. July- German offensive from East Prussiai. “Gorlice- Tarnow Offensive” wipe out 84% of Russian armyg. “The Great Retreat”i. Russian’s were ousted from Polandii. Retreat from German/ Austria Hungarian offensiveVI. Powers-a. Entente Power-i. Optimism for 1916 based on man power (GB draft start in 1916)ii. France- accomplished very little with 2 million deathsiii. GB- still hold seasiv. Russia- Lost Poland and Galicia, Tsar as commander, army almost doneb. Central powers-i. Germany- hold territories in east and west, mainly man powerii. AH- advanced “war-Weariness” collapsing internally, need Germany to help themiii. Ottoman- proud of Mid- East successes and holdingVII. War of 1916- Battle of Verduna. Plan was to have the entente (FR, GB, It, Rus, Bel & Jp) to have “symphonic” offense against Germansi. The Germans moved firstii. This battle ties into the new submarine warfareb. Verdun is a military town with multiple fortsi. 75% of all French soldiers spend time at Verdunc. Verdun Part I-i. Germans prepare1. 5 new railways, 1300 trains, shells, 300K troops, camouflage, concrete bunkers, 150 aircraft (modern logistical warfare)ii. Attack postponed from 2/12 to 2/21 due to weatheriii. German fast pursuitd. Verdun Part II.-i. Fall of Douaumont1. German Refugeii. By April the French can begin counter attacksiii. ¾ of French army dieiv. Germans suffer too many casualtiesv. Question of whether the fighting should continuevi. ***dead man’s hill***VIII. 1916- Battle of Jutland- (May 31, 1916)a. Royal Navy (GB) vs. High Seas Fleet (GRM)b. Room 40 is aware of German attackc. No Submarinesd. GB outnumbered Germanse. GB lost 14 shipsf. GRM lost 11 shipsIX. 1916- Brusilov Offensive-a. “creeping Berage”b. Russian Campaign Begins (greatest Russian feat.)c. Attacking AH and German troops north of Carpathian mountainsi. Ukrain, Poland, and N. of Romaniad. New tacticsi. No mass of troops until a hole in enemy linesii. Destroys AH 4th division1. Takes 300k prisonersiii. AH army about to collapseX. 1916- Battle of Somme-a. Relieve pressure on French at Verdunb. GB/FR massed attack along 21 mile linec. “Kitcheners’s armies”i. Local communities, local brigades would volunteer to fightii. Had little training and experienced. German’s prepare deep bunkerse. GB/FR- 55 miles of railroad, 128 trains, 70,000 miles of telephone cable buried 6 feet under and 185 planesf. Opens with 5 days of constant artillery fireg. Somme Part II-i. Barrage doesn’t kill man Germansii. 7/1- unseasoned troopsiii. Mid July- GB planes strafe German Linesiv. 9/15-16- “landships” tanks are introduced1. No significant impact to battlev. Failure to “breakthrough” or demonstrate new military