CHEM 111 1st EditionExam #2 Study Guide Lectures 4-8Ch. 3Particles or waves?De Broglies equation- de Broglies wavelength=planks constant/(mass)(velocity)Linear Waves- nodes are regions of standing waves that experience no displacement Wavelength=2LHarmonic frequencies L=n*wavelength/2N must be an integerHeisenberg uncertainty principle- closer you get to knowing the exact velocity of an object the less precisely you can tell its position and vice versaMost important for smaller massesShapes and sizes of orbitalsRadial distribution plotS orbitals, p orbitals, d orbitalsAufbau Principle- method of building electron configurations by adding 1 electron at a time as atomic number increasesOrbital diagrams- depiction of arrangement of electrons in an atom or ion using boxes torepresent orbitalsOrbital diagrams for multi electron atomsHunds rule- degenerate orbitals- orbitals of the same energyThe lower the energy configuration maximizes the number of unpaired atomsIonization energy- increases from bottom to top of periodic table, and left to right Ch. 4Chemical bondselectrostatic forces holding atoms togetherIonicchemical bonds resulting from the electrostatic attraction of a cation for and anionCovalent bondchemical bond results from sharing an outermost electronMetallic bondchemical bond consisting of nuclei of metal atoms surrounded by a sea of sharedelectronsCoulombs law- F=Ke*(q1q2/r^2)Binary ionic compoundsconsists of cations(usually metals) and anions(usually nonmetals) ex. MgCl2Cation comes first, anion named with ide at endAlways neutralOxoanionspolyatomic anions containing O2 in combinations with one plus other elementsSTUDY THESENaming Molecular compounds Ex. Sulfur trioxideBinary Acids- contain hydrogen and a monoatomic anionEx. HBr= hydrobromic acidPrefix hydro and halogen base name + suffix “ic”+word acidOxocidsIf oxoanion name ends in –ate or –ite corresponding acid ends in -ic or –ous respectivelyLewis Dot Diagrams rulesFind the number of valence electrons the structure should haveArrange the elements with the correct element in the centerConnect everything with single bondsFill outer elements shells firstFill inner octet by either using excess valence electrons or double bondsElectronegativityIncreases moving up and to the right in the periodic table (omitting noble gasses)Polar Covalent BondsUnequal sharing of bonding pair of electrons between atoms results in uneven distribution of chargeBond PolarityPartial – and partial + chargesBond polarity increases as difference in electronegativity increasesPeriodic trendsAtomic radii- increases going left and downZ(effective)- increases going left and downMORE PROTONS= HIGHER Z(effective)=SMALLER ATOMIC RADIIIonization Energy- to remove an electronIncreases to the right and upHIGHEST IS FLOURINEElectron Affinity- to gain an electronIncreases to the right and upNoble gasses aren’t