12) Intestinal epithelial cells use what type of transport to absorb glucose?BIO 353 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 8 - 12Exam 2 Study GuideLecture 8 – Protein Synthesis- Important to understand about transport of mRNA out of the nucleus:o What are the primary functions of the 5’ cap and poly A tail?o What are nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) and what do they do? How quickly can a NPC transfer macromolecules and can macromolecules go in bothdirections at the same time? What size of molecule can pass through a NPC? Understand where the fibrils and the nuclear basket are located relative the nuclear envelop and the cytosol. What type of transport do NPCs use?o What is required for an mRNA to be considered export ready?- Important concepts to understand in protein translation:o Why is translation not a direct one to one correspondence between a single nucleotide on the mRNA and a single amino acid in a protein?o How many consecutive nucleotides in an mRNA make up a codon?o How is the genetic code redundant but not ambiguous?o How many codons specify one amino acid?o What role do transfer RNAs (tRNAs) play in translation? How do tRNAs function as adaptor molecules? What is an anticodon? What are two of the important post-transcriptional modifications that are made to tRNA?- Which loop of tRNA is Ribothymidine found in and what does it do?- Where is Pseudouridine found and what does it do?- Which loop of tRNA is Dihydrouridine found in and what does it do? How do aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases couple tRNAs to the correct amino acid? What is the difference between charged vs. uncharged tRNAs?o What role do ribosomes (rRNA) play in in translation? Where are ribosomes located within the cell? Explain free and bound ribosomes. What is a ribozyme?- What are some important examples of ribozymes?- Do ribozymes possess catalytic activity?- Can RNA copy itself?- How are ribozymes representative of the ancient role of RNA in the evolution of life? Understand the structures and functions of the small and large subunits of a ribosome.- What is the mRNA-binding site?- What is the A Site?- What is the P Site?- What is the E Site? What activated carrier is involved in the conformational change that causes the ratcheting movement between the large and small subunits of a ribosome? What end of the growing polypeptide chain are amino acids added to? Why is the formation of a peptide bond energetically favorable?  What kind of microscopy was used to determine the structure of ribosomes? Explain the structure and function of a polyribosome.- Post-translational processes that proteins might go through:o How does protein folding occur? What are heat shock proteins and what do they do?o What happens to misfolded and unwanted proteins? What is a proteasome? What is proteolysis? What role does ubiquitin (polyubiquitin) play in this process?o What are some of the important covalent modifications that proteins undergo?o How are cofactors and associated proteins involved?Lecture 9 – Membrane Structure and Function What are the five major functions of membranes? Describe the major membrane lipids: Describe and be able to identify the basic structure of a phospholipid. What are the primary functions of phospholipids? How does the length and saturation of the fatty acid tails affect membrane fluidity? What are sphingolipids? What are the primary functions of sphingolipids? How are sphingolipids different from other phospholipids? In what kinds of tissues are sphingolipids primarily found in? What is sphingomyelin and where is it found? What is Tay-Sachs Disease? Describe and be able to identify the basic structure of a glycolipid. What are the primary functions of glycolipids? How are glycolipids different from other phospholipids or sphingolipids? What is the primary type of (oligo)glycolipid found in most animal cells?  Which surface of plasma membrane are the carbohydrates found on? Which organelle is primarily responsible for glycosylating glycolipids? Describe and be able to identify the basic structure of a sterol. What are the primary functions of sterols? What is the primary sterol found in animal cells and what membrane is it found in? How do sterols affect membrane fluidity? Understand how the number of sterols and temperature affect membrane fluidity. How does the amphipathic nature of phosolipids contribute to forming a self sealing bilayer? What are liposomes and micelles and why are they important? Why are membranes manufactured asymmetrically in the smooth ER? What type of enzymes insert new phospholipids into the cytosolic monolayer? What are the enzymes (phospholipid translocators) that establish membrane symmetry and how do they do it? What kinds of lipids and proteins are found on each surface of the membrane bilayers? Understand how membrane orientation is maintained during vesicular trafficking. What are lipid rafts and what are their characteristics and functions? Describe the major membrane proteins: In what ways can proteins associate with a membrane? Describe the different types integral membrane proteins. What are transmembrane proteins?  What are the different types of transmembrane proteins? How does the amphipathic nature of transmembrane proteins allow them to span a membrane? What are membrane-associated proteins?  What side of the plasma membrane are they on?  How are they embedded in the monolayer?What are lipid-linked proteins? What side(s) of the membrane are they on?  How are they embedded in the monolayer? Are integral membrane proteins easy or difficult to isolate for biochemical studies? Describe the peripheral membrane proteins. How are they bound to the bilayer? What side(s) of the membrane are they on? Are peripheral membrane proteins easy or difficult to isolate for biochemical studies? What side of membranes are the sugars of glycoproteins and proteoglycans on? Describe the basic process of freeze fracture/TEM and know what can be used for. Understand how the different components move throughout a membrane. Is the membrane a rigid structure? How do the lipids affect movement of components in a membrane? What are the forces by which the lipid molecules in a membrane are held together? What different types